english of literature

English of literature

FOD of English literature

Literature: written material such as poetry, novels, essays, etc., esp works of imagination characterized by excellence of style and expression and by themes of general or enduring interest

Poetry,Drama,Novel,Essay,Literary,criticism,Fairytale, Etc

Tenor of discourse

（1）personal tenor (degrees of formality)

English literature includes novel, essay, drama, poetry and so on, so there are no formal and informal situations.

（2）functional tenor(the intention of the user)

English literature has many functions: to reflect the social status, to reflect the people's sufferings, to express writers’ feelings and emotions to describe a heroic person in order to arouse people's patriotic enthusiasm and to focus on the message ( as a linguistic artefact ) itself（美学）。

MOD of literature Types of literature 1.Visual literature 2.Auditory literature

3.Visual and auditory literature Visual literature

A.literary classics文学名著 b. Newspapers：（作家专栏）

 .Auditory literature eg： Song  Visual and auditory literature a. TV：百家讲坛

b. Film：Gulliver's Travels 《格列佛游记》

Grammatical features of English literature

散文中的语法特点1

1.the colloquial prose style

2,the first and third person to use 3,Direct and indirect

direct: unequivocal indirect: long and complex sentence ,the modifer4,the concrete and the abstract

talk about the facts more,language more specific; talk about the concept of many,language is abstract 5,contracted style

6,the conversation and heart monologue

7,drama emphaise rhetoric.And in nature,real, for the principle 8,Rhythm changes, such as speed ,balance symmetry

诗歌中语法

• 1，不一样的代词2，语气词的内置 3，助动词的缺失4，of-词组和名词

属格5，频繁使用的前置

Lexical in English literature09044121 谭文君

在英语词汇学中,词语的搭配往往有其常规。并且,在文学文体中,特别是诗歌小说中,为了创造某种形象,达到“突出”的目的,人们往往通过矛盾、移就、共轭等修辞手段使词语搭配产生变异。 1. Oxymoron(矛盾修辞)

a phrase that combines two words that seem to be the opposite of each other, such as a deafening silence 其结构主要有五种形式:

①Adj.+Noun.creative destruction,living death,tearful joy,etc. ②Adj.+Adj.cold pleasant,sour sweet,poor rich,etc. ③Adv.+Adj.dully bright,mercifully fatal,falsely true,etc. ④Verb.+Adv.hasten slowly,shine darkly,groan loudly,etc.

⑤Noun.+Noun.love-hate(relationship),the sound of silence,etc. For example:

Juliet: O serpent heart,hid with a flow’ring face! Did ever dragon keep so fair a cave? Beautiful tyrant!Fiend angelical!

Dove-feather’d raven!Wolfish-ravening lamb! Despised substance of divinest show! Just opposite to what thou justly seem’st. A damned saint,an honorable villain!

(William Shakespeare) 主要结构形式为：Adj．+Noun．如：beautiful tyrant，

dove—feather’d raven，wolfish—ravening lamb，damned saint，hon．orable villain。另外还有一种特殊的结构形式：Noun．+Adj 2. Zeugma(共轭修辞)

a figure of speech by which a single word is made to modify or to govern two or more words in the same sentence, either properly applying in sense to only one of them, or applying to them in different senses. 轭式搭配主要有以下三种结构: ① One Verb+Two(or more)Objects

Side by side for seven years we had mined，ranched。sold

patent chums，herded sheep，took photographs and other things， built wire fences and picked prunes．

(0． Henry)

这里took所支配的两个宾语ph0tographs和other things，前 一个为正常搭配，后一个则利用词语顺势牵来的独特搭配方 式使文章语言深刻、简练。

②One Prep．+Two(or more)Objects

Miss Bolo rose from the table considerably agitated，and went straight home in a flood of tears and a sedan chair．(Dickens) 介词in既支配a flood of tears又可支配a sedan chair，产生 “泪如泉涌”“坐轿”两层意思，收到了幽默诙谐的效果。 ② two Subjects +One Verb

Ten minutes later，the coffee and Commander Dana of Naval Intelligence arrived simultaneously．

the coffee与Commander Dana都和arrived发生搭配关系，这 种排列新奇、别致，暗示“同时到达”。 3. Transferred epithet(转移修辞)

A figure of speech in which a modifier is transferred from appropriate noun to modify another to which it does not really belong.

a.转移修饰语可以是形容词、现在分词、过去分词、名词，其中以形容词的转移 最为常见。 ① 形容词转移

She was SO worried about her son that she spent several sleepless nights． ② 现在分词转移

The boy said“yes”to the question in unthinking moment ③名词转移

He shouted a cry of displeasure ④ 过去分词转移

Ten she fainted．By the light of a frightened candle，she was Carried to a cot．

b.移就格中的修饰词分前置和后置两种，可以由单个词(多为形容词)担任，也可由词组担任。

For example: The assistant kept a respectful distance from his boss when they were walking in the corridor．(形容词修饰语前置)

He was waken by a deafening roll of a thunder．(短语修饰语 前置)

Th e letters，sad and reproachful，offerthe choice of pleading ignorance or being proved insensitive(短语修饰语后置) c.转移修饰能让人产生形象联想，收到情景交融耐人寻味 的表达效果，在诗歌和小说中常被采用。For example: The curfew tolls the knell of parting day， The lowing herd winds slowly O’er the lea，

The ploughman homeward plods his weary way． And leaves the world to darkness and to me．

(Thomas Gray)

Phonological Features of Literary

Ⅰ.Rhythm—Foot ⑴ 抑扬格 iamb ⑵扬抑格 trochee ⑵ 扬扬抑格 anapaest ⑷扬抑抑格 dactyl

(含有不同数目音步的诗行都有不同的名称.如二音步 dimeter，三音步 trimeter，四音步 tetrameter，五音步 pentameter.) 例如：

The curfew tolls the knell of parting day, The lowing herd wind slowly o’er the lea,

The ploughman homeward plods his weary way, And leaves the world to darkness and to me.

------Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard Ⅱ. Rhyme ⑴头韵 Alliteration

所谓头韵,即在一个词组或一个诗行中,有两个以上彼此靠近的词,其开头的音节具有同样的字母或发音。 例如:

I slip, I slide , I gloom, I glance, Among my skimming swallows; I make the netted sunbeam dance Against my sandy shallows.

-----The Brook ⑵尾韵

尾韵就是后元音以及辅音模式的词尾音素重复,尤指位于词尾的。尾韵相同的词的运用,往往可以渲染气氛,引起读者是注意和兴趣。 例如:

True ease in writing comes from art, not chance As those move easiest who have learned to dance. ’Tis not enough no harshness gives offence, The sound must seem an echo to the sense.

---An Essay on Criticism 范文分析

When you are old

When you are old and grey and full of sleep, And nodding by the fire, take down this book, And slowly read, and dream of the soft look, Your eyes had once, and of their shadows deep; How many loved your moments of glad grace, And loved your beauty with love false or true, But one man loved the pilgrim Soul in you, And loved the sorrows of your changing face;

And bending down beside the glowing bars, Murmur, a little sadly, how Love fled,

And paced upon the mountains overhead, And hid his face amid a crowd of stars.

Semantic features of literature

1.Oxymoron is a figurative device in which apparently contradictory terms

appear in conjunction．It is a condensed or compressed form of paradox. e．g．Good night！good night! Parting is such sweet sorrow． (Shakespeare，Romeo and Juliet)

To live a life half dead，a living death．(John Milton)

2.parallelism :a figure of speech which expresses parallel ideas in the same or similar grammatical structure．It often results in linguistic brevity, structural balance and pleasant rhythm

e．g．I came，I saw，I conquered．(Julius Caesar)

When two parallel ideas indicate contrast，it is called antithesis，

e．g．Not that I love Caesar less, but that I love Rome more．(Shakespeare，Julius Caesar)

3.Climax：the arrangement of a series of ideas which go from the least important to the most important with steady strengthening of emotion and tone e．g. Some books are to be tasted，others to be swallowed，and some few to be chewed and digested．

4. Overstatement or hyperbole, is the deliberate use of exaggeration to achieve emphasis.

Eg: Hamlet: I love Ophelia, forty thousand brothers could not, with all their quantity of love, make up my sum . (Shakespeare, Hamlet)

5. In literature, design of the shape of a text in unconventional way results in graphological deviation, which may suggest a certain literary theme. Eg:

A Christmas Tree

Star If you are

A love compassionate，

You will walk with US this year，

We face a glacial distance，who are here

Huddled

At your feet

(W．S．Burford)