四六级写作技法和策略

尽管是提纲式写作，提纲所提示的只是文章所要包括的主要内容，却不是文章的结构模式，一般情况下，同学们应根据英语文章的类型，重新安排文章。如上面有关\"钱\"的一个写作，按照英语的表达习惯，最好是加上一个引子。 二、 首段和尾段的写作

上一讲中我们介绍了段落的扩展模式，也就是说，我们已经了解了文章中间一部分的叙述模式。根据四六级写作的特点，一般首段和尾段都要自己补上，那么怎么才能写好首尾段呢，下面我介绍一下，首尾段的写作方式。 1．首段的写作

首段的写作方式一般为：

1) 运用事实性信息、调查或故事等引出话题，2）导入主题，然后提出自己的观点，也就是文章的论点。

首段开篇的方式常见的有： 1） 谚语法：由于谚语一般已经被大家所接受，用谚语提出自己的观点也容易被读者所接受。 2） 定义法：定义法是通过对文章中的关键词做一些简单或正面或反面的解释，限定其范围，这样比较有利于引出主题。 3） 提问法：通过提问一个或一连串的问题，可以激发读者的兴趣，从而引出主题。

4） 概括法：概括法指先总结文章内容所涉及的现状，然后引出主题。 5） 故事法：故事法指用简单有趣的故事激发读者的兴趣，从而提出自己的观点。如下面\"Is Stress a Bad Thing?\" 6） 引语法

7） 调查法：为了得到读者的认可，文章的开始可以引出调查数据等，借以提出主题。 8） 假设法：假设法是指通过假设提出一种选择，交代文章要涉及的问题，从而提出文章的主题。

9） 综合法：具体写作时，同学们没有必要拘泥于一种方式，可以将上述方法总和起来。 2． 结论段的写作

结论一般采用归纳概括、主题重述或提建议等方式。常见的方式有：

1） 重述或总结主题：重述主题指于结论处以另外一种表达方式重申主题，与首段照应。 2） 提出建议 3） 概括总结 4） 引用名人名言

5) 综合法：与首段一样，结论段也可以是多种方法的综合。一般说来，总结加建议的比较多。

3．转承语的使用：根据不同的段落要求，选择适当的转承语 1) 比较对照

比较：like A, B „ Just as A, B „

A, similarly/correspondingly, likewise/in the same way, B „ 对照： Unlike/ Contrary to/ As opposed to A, B „ A , however/on the other hand/in contrast, B .. A „, B, however/on the other hand/in contrast, „ 2)列举

First/ Second (Next) / Third (Then)/ Last (Finally), „ The fist/ The second/ The third/ The last (The final) Firstly/Secondly/Thirdly/ Last (Finally) One/Another/Still another/The last

The most essential/most important/primary/chief is „ 3) 因果 as a result, consequently, therefore, hence, so, because of this, for these reasons, due to the fact that 4 起承转合常用语 1）\"起\"的常用语

When asked about/ When it comes to/ Faced with „, some people

claim/think/argue/believe that „, but/while others „(differently) Nowadays there is much/general discussion as to „. With the development/improvement/growth of „, Now, it is commonly/widely/increasingly believed/thought/held/acknowledge that „, According to a recent survey/investigation/poll, „ Have you ever thought/wondered „? Suppose „

As the saying goes, „ 2) \"承\"的常用语 Those who hold „. It is true that „ To be sure .. First/Firstly „

The main/leading/underlying/root/ primary/chief/essential „.

\"承接上文\"的方式与文章的段落结构有关，比较的与列举的不同，与举例的也不同。同学们应根据具体的情况选择适当的承接语。 3）\"转\"的常用语

It sounds like a good (attractive) idea (suggestion), but they fail to understand (see, notice

There is probably an element of truth in the arguments (ideas), but they ignore a more important (basic) fact „ Closer examination (analysis), however, suggests (shows) that this argument (claim, idea) may not be borne of (supported) by the following evidence (facts, examples, statistics).

Close (careful) examination (analysis) of these arguments (ideas, suggestions), however, would reveal (suggest, prove) how flimsy (不足信的，不严密)(fallacious（靠不住的）, groundless（没有根据的）) they are. However logical (sound, forcible(有说服力)) these arguments may be, they don't make sense (only skim the surface of the problem) when „ is viewed the other way (taken into consideration). As opposed to (Contrary to) the widely (commonly, generally) held idea (belief, view), new studies (facts) challenge (fail to justify) the opinion (view).

Good/Superior/Wonderful as „., it has its own disadvantages/ it brings its own

problems.

They may be right about „, but they seem to neglect /fail to mention/take into account „

In all the discussion and debate over „, one important/basic fact is ignored/overlooked/neglected.

It is true that/ Admittedly, but it is unlikely/doesn't follow/doesn't mean that „ There is an element of truth in these arguments/statements, but they ignore a deeper and more basic/essential/important fact/factor „ In many cases, however, „ As far as .. is concerned, „ 4) \"合\"的常用语

Experience/Evidence/All the facts suggest/show/demonstrate/ indicate that „ From what has been discussed above/Taking into account all these factors, we may safely draw/reach/come to/arrive/ the conclusion that„ In conclusion/To sum up/In summary/In short/To conclude „. It is important/necessary/essential that effective/proper/powerful actions/measure/remedies should be taken to „ 三、四六级作文的谋篇布局 谋篇布局(1)

- 将提示的第一句作为文章的第一句 - 将提示的第三句作为第一段的最后一句 - 将提示的第二句展开成文章的中心段落 - 结论段归纳概括，提出建议。 谋篇布局（2）

- 根据话题加引段，于段尾提出自己的观点（也就是提示中的第三句要求内容） - 将提示的第一句和第二句写成文章的中心段落 - 根据文章的叙述重点，总结全文，提出方法等。 谋篇布局（3）

-将提示的第一句和第二句合为第一段，于段尾提出自己的观点； -说明自己的理由； - 结论段总结全文 谋篇布局（4）

将提示中的第一句做为第一段主题句，然后拓展开 将提示的第二句做为第二段的主题句，拓展说明

将提示的第三句拓展成第三段，但注意与上面两段的照应，使其有总揽全文的作用 谋篇布局（5）

将提示中的第一句作为文章的第一段，并提主题； 举例说明自己的观点； 结论重述主题

以下是四六级短文写作中使用率最高、覆盖面最广的基本句式，每组句式的功能相同或相似，考生可根据自己的情况选择其中的1－2个，做到能够熟练正确地仿写或套用。 1．表示原因

1）There are three reasons for this． 2）The reasons for this are as follows．

3）The reason for this is obvious．

4）The reason for this is not far to seek． 5）The reason for this is that．．． 6）We have good reason to believe that．．．

例如：

There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life．Firstly，people’s living standard has been greatly improved．Secondly，most people are well paid， and they can afford what they need or like．Last but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life．

注：如考生写第一个句子没有把握，可将其改写成两个句子。如：Great changes have taken place in our life． There are three reasons for this．这样写可以避免套用中的表达失误。

2．表示好处

1）It has the following advantages． 2）It does us a lot of good． 3）It benefits us quite a lot． 4）It is beneficial to us．

5）It is of great benefit to us． 例如：

Books are like friends．They can help us know the world better，and they can open our minds and widen our horizons．Therefore，reading extensively is of great benefit to us．

3．表示坏处

1）It has more disadvantages than advantages． 2）It does us much harm． 3）It is harmfulto us． 例如：

However，everything dividesinto two．Television can also be harmful to us．It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching televi- sion．

4．表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能

1）It is important（necessary，difficult，convenient， possible）for sb．to do sth．

2）We think it necessary to do sth．

3）It plays an important role in our life． 例如： Computers are now being used everywhere，whether in the government，in schools or in business．Soon， computers will be found in every home，too．We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age．

5．表示措施

1）We should take some effective measures．

2）We should try our best to overcome（conquer）the difficulties． 3）We should do our utmost in doing sth．

4）We should solve the problems that we are confronted（faced）with． 例如：

The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious．Therefore，we must take some effective measures to solve it．

6．表示变化

1）Some changes have taken place in the past five years．

2）A great change will certainly be produced in the world’s communications． 3）The computer has brought about many changes in education． 例如：

Some changes have taken place in people’s diet in the past five years．The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek．Nowadays，more and more people are switching from grain to meat for protein，and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins．

7．表示事实、现状

1）We cannot ignore the fact that．．． 2）No one can deny the fact that．．． 3）There is no denying the fact that．．．

4）This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in． 5）However，that’s not the case． 例如：

We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution．To solve these problems， we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution．The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment．

8．表示比较

1）Compared with A，B．．．

2）I prefer to read rather than watch TV． 3）There is a striking contrast between them． 例如：

Compared with cars，bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable．Firstly，they do not consume natural resources of petroleum．Secondly，they do not cause the pollution problem．Last but not least，they contribute to people’s health by giving them due physical exercise．

9．表示数量

1）It has increased（decreased）from．．．to．．．

2）The population in this city has now increased （decreased）to 800，000． 3）The output of July in this factory increased by 15％ compared with that of January． 例如： With the improvement of the living standard，the proportion of people’s income spent on food has decreased while that spent on education has increased． 再如：

From the graph listed above，itcan be seen that student use of computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in 2000．

注：“From the graph listed above，it can be seen that”见句式12。考生将句式9和句式12结合在一起，便可较好地写出2002年6月CET －4、6短文写作的第一段。

10．表示看法

1）People have（take，adopt，assume）different attitudes towards sth． 2）People have different opinions on this problem． 3）People take different views of（on）the question． 4）Some people believe that．．．Others argue that．．． 例如：

People have different attitudes towards failure．Some believe that failure leads to success．

Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewed endeavor．However， others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category of losers． 再如：

Do“lucky numbersreally bring good luck？Different people have different views on it．

注：一个段落有时很适宜以问句开始，考生应掌握这一写作方法。

11．表示结论

1）In short，it can be said that ．．．

2）It may be briefly summed up as follows．

3）From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that ．．． 例如：

From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that examination is necessary，however， its method should be improved．

注：例句1可用于任何一个段落的结论句；例句3则多用文章结论段的第一句。

12．套语

1）It’s well known to us that ．．． 2）As is known to us，．．．

3）This is a topic that is being widely talked about．

4）From the graph（table，chart）listed above，it can be seen that ．．． 5）As aproverb says，“Where there is a will，there is a way．

例如： As is well known to us，it is important for the students to know the world outside campus． The reason for this is obvious．Nowadays，the society is changing and developing rapidly，and the campus is no longer an“ivory tower．As college students，we must get in touch with the world outside the campus．Only in this way can we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after we graduate． 再如：

Does it pay to be honest？This is a topic that is being widely talked about and different people have different opinions on it．