ABCDEFGHIJKLAMNOPQRSTUPinyinVWGas / LNG TermEnglish ExplanationThe extraction of one or more components from a mixture of gases when gases andliquids are brought into contact. The assimilation or extraction process causes (or isaccompanied by) a physical or chemical change, or both, in the sorbent material.Compare ADSORPTION.A system which allows for contractual arrangements under which market players areallowed to use capacity in a pipeline or other gas facility for a charge. It thereforecontrasts with the traditional model where the owners of the transportation system ownall the gas flowing through their system and act as exclusive merchants for it.Gases that produce an acidic solution when dissolved in water. Examples of suchcompounds, often found in natural gas, are hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide.See Carry ForwardThe amount of Gas which the Seller must deliver and he Buyer must take in a givencontract year. It may be expressed as a discreet number or as a multiple of the DailyContract Quantity. In practice, many contracts are written in forms which allow the Buyerto take considerably below the stated ACQ.In long-term contracts, a schedule of gas volumes to be delivered on certain dates orwithin certain periods in a forthcoming contract year. In practice, this will often take theform of a detailed schedule covering, for example, the first three months, with loosernumbers for the remainder of the year which are then firmed up at times laid down in thecontract.A body of porous rock saturated with water. Gas fields are usually underlain by anaquifer which often provides pressure known as Water Drive to assist gas production.Underground storage of gas can also be achieved by pumping gas down into aquifersbelow impermeable cap rocks thus effectively making a gas reservoir.Buying and Selling the same product in two different locations or markets to takeadvantage of differences in place.Free natural gas in immediate contact, but not in solution, with crude oil in the reservoir.Gas produced in association with oil, or from a gas cap overlying and in contact with thecrude oil in the reservoir. In general, most states restrict associated gas production sinceits indiscriminate production could reduce the ultimate oil recovery. Also, since somewells producing associated gas cannot be shut-in without also shutting-in the oilproduction, natural gas pipelines are generally required to take allowed associated gasproduced from oil wells on a priority basis. See also GAS CAP.Generation of electricity by an industrial concern primarily to meet the needs of its ownoperations.ChineseAbsorption吸收XI SHOUAccessAcid GasAdvance Make GoodAlternating current准入酸气预先做好交流电ZHUN RUSUAN QIAnnual Contract Quantity (ACQ)年合同量NIAN HE TONG LIANGAnnual Delivery Program (ADP)年度交货计划NIAN DU JIAO HUO JIHUAAquiferArbitrage蓄水层套利XU SHUI CENGTAO LIAssociated GasAutogeneration伴生气自用发电BAN SHENG QIZI YONG FA DIANBBackhaulingGastransportapparentlymovinginthereversedirectiontothemainflowofthepipeline.Thisisusuallyachievedbyswaparrangementsratherthanbyphysicalmovements.Also known as Reverse Flow.An agreement between a pipeline owner and other users of the pipeline on theprocedures to be adopted to ensure that gas volumes input to and removed from thepipeline are equal over a given period of time. Pipelines commonly require dailybalancing, but some require balancing over shorter periods, down to hourly, especiallywhere there is a heavy power generation load on the pipeline. Others may allow longerperiods e.g. 3 days up to monthly. Monthly balancing is only appropriate where thirdparty loads are very small (a few percent) in relation to the main user's loads.Anagreementbetweentheownersofagasfieldwhoaresellingtheirgastodifferentbuyers.Sinceeachbuyermayhaveadifferentdemandpattern,theownersagreebetweenthemselvesthattheywillnotwithdrawreservesataratewhichwillcauseimbalanceintheownershipoftheremainingreservestoexceedcertaintolerancesdefinedinthebalancingagreement.Theagreementalsodefinestheremediesthataretobetakenshouldthesetolerancesbeexceeded.Thepurposeistoensurethattheownership share of the remaining reserves remains constant for all practical purposes.Alternative term for Cushion gasThe rate of delivery below which sendout is not expected to fall during a given period.Thetransferpriceatwhichoffshoregasismadeavailablebytheproducerattheexitfrom the treatment plant onshore. Mainly used in the UK.Gasproducedasabyproductfromtheuseofcokeintraditionalblastfurnaces.Thisgaswasoflowcalorificvalue(roughlyaquartertoathirdthatofnaturalgas)butwasused mixed with Manufactured Gas in the days before natural gas.AreadefinedinaConcessionAgreement,oftenprefixedby\"Exploration\\"Development\"or\"Production\".Oftendefinedintermsoflatitudeandlongitude.butmayalsobedefinedbyreferencetoalocalgridsystem,forexampleintheGulfofMexico.See also: ConcessionAmethodofproducingagas/condensatereservoirbylettingthereservoirpressurefallasgasisproducedovertimewithoutre-injectinganygas.Withthismethodofproductionsomecondensatemaycondensewithinthereservoir,whereitsrecoveryisno longer a practical proposition.AtermusedinLNGprojects.HoweverwellinsulatedLNGstorageandshiptanksmaybe,theLNGisalwaysatitsboilingpoint,andsmallquantitieswillcontinuetoboiloff.InliquefactionplantsasmallvolumeofBoilOffGasisrequiredtoensurethattheplantflareisoperational.Boiloffnotneededforthispurposewillnormallybeusedintheplant'sownlowpressurefuelsystem.OnLNGtankersdrivenbysteamturbinesthegasisnormallyusedasafueltodrivetheships.BoosterStationAnalternativenameforCompressor Station.逆流NI LIUBalancing Agreement (PL)平衡协议(管道）PING HENG XIEYI(GUAN DAO)Balancing Agreement (Reserves)Base GasBase LoadBeach Price平衡协议(储量）基准气基本负荷出厂价PING HENG XIEYI(CHU LIANG)JI ZHUN QIJI BEN FU HECHU CHANG JIABlast Furnace Gas焦炉气JIAO LU QIBlock区块QU KUAIBlowdown排污；放空Boil Off Gas (BOG)Box Transformer Substation蒸发气箱变ZHENG FA QIBorder PriceBottled GasBundledButaneThe price at which gas is sold at the border between two countries. Typically based oncustoms or other official import/export data. Frequently used, especially in Europe, as apoint of reference in gas contracts.LPG, usually butane or propane stored in the liquid state at moderate pressure in steelcontainers.The provision of various services, such as transportation, storage etc. in a compulsorypackage which the buyer must accept in total, without being able to choose whichelements it requires. See also Unbundling.Amemberofthealkanegroupofhydrocarbonswithfourcarbonatomsinitsmolecule(C4H10,oftenabbreviatedtoC4innontechnicalusage).Butaneisacolourless,flammablegasatnormaltemperatureandpressurebutiseasilyliquefiedbypressureforstorageandtransportation.Therearetwoisomericforms,normalandiso-butane.Atatmospheric pressure iso-butane liquefies at -120°C and normal butane at -10°C.边境价瓶装气BIAN JING JIAPING ZHUANG QI打包服务DA BAO FU WU丁烷DING WANCThe quantity of heat produced by the complete combustion of a fuel. This can bemeasured dry or saturated with water vapour; and net or gross. See also: GrossCalorific Value (CV)Calorific Value, \"Net Calorific Value\".热值RE ZHI1. A clause in a supply contract under which the buyer is assured that he will not have topay more than a given maximum price. This type of contract is analogous to a calloption. 2. In a supply contract where the buyer has flexibility in the volume it can request,the maximum to which it is entitled either over a period (e.g. a year) or over the life of theCapcontract.上限SHANGXIANCap GasGas found in a Gas Cap in association with oil but not commingled with it.气库QI KUCapacity ChargeA pipeline tariff term often used interchangeably with Demand Charge.容量费RONG LIANG FEIThebuyingandsellingofacquiredrightstomovegasthroughthepipelinesofaCapacity TradingTransporter容量交易RONG LIANG JIAO YIAprovisionwithinalongtermTakeorPayContractunderwhichaBuyerwholiftsmorethanitsAnnualContractQuantityinanyyearisallowed,underconditionsdefinedinthecontract,insubsequentyearstooffsetsuchoverliftingagainstunderliftingwhichmightotherwisehaveincurredsomeformofsanction,suchasTakeorPay.SometimesknownCarry Forwardas Advance Make Good.提前提货TI QIAN TI HUOCasing Head Petroleum SpiritAnalternativenameforCondensatesandespeciallyforthosedroppingoutatorclosetoJING KOU NING XI(CHPS)the well head. Mainly used in North America.井口凝析油YOUAtermusedingastradingtoindicatethenumberoftimesonaveragethatgasistradedTIAN RAN QI ZHUANChurningbetween initial sale and ultimate consumption.天然气转手次数SHOU CI SHUThepointatwhichalocaldistributionsystem,oftenbasedononetownorcity,acceptsgasfromatransmissioncompanyorsystem.AtransferpriceatthispointiscalledaCityCHENG SHI MENCity GateGate Price.城市门站ZHANMethanethatisorcanberecoveredfromcoalseams.CBMisrecoveredbydrillingwellsintosuitablecoalseamsandthenreducingpressureintherock,usuallybypumpingoutwater,whichmaybesalineandpresentenvironmentalissues,untilthemethanecanbedesorbedfromthecoal.CBM,unlikeconventionalnaturalgas,isnottrappedbeneathasealbutisadsorbedintothecoal.Itcanthereforeoccurincoaldepositswhicharelaterallyveryextensive.Productionratesaretypicallymuchlessthanforconventionalgas.Depletionratesaretypicallyquiteslowandwellsmayproduceformanyyears.CBMmayalsobeproducedasasafetymeasurebeforecoalisminedtoreducetheincidenceofpotentiallyexplosivegasmixturesduringminingoperations.煤层甲烷 (or 煤层MEI CENG JIA WANCoal Bed Methane (CBM)See: Coal Mine Methane气)(or MEI CENG QI)Gasmanufacturedbythedestructivedistillationofbituminouscoal.Thechiefcomponentsarehydrogen(morethan50%),methane(10%to30%)carbonmonoxideandhigherhydrocarbons.Thewatervapourincoalgaskeptoldpipejointstight,thusminimisinglossofgas.Ifnaturalgasisintroducedintothesamepipeswithoutremedialactionsubstantiallossesmayoccur.Thecarbonmonoxideisofcoursepoisonous.InhalingcoalgaswasafavouredwayofcommittingsuicideincitieswithcoalgasCoal Gasdistribution.煤气MEI QIMethanerecoveredfromcoalmines,eitherwhileactiveorafterabandonment,whichcanbeusedinlocalpowergenerationorheatproduction.Itisrarelyavailableinsufficientquantitytojustifyprocessingtopipelinequalityfordeliveryintoapipeline煤矿甲烷 (or 煤矿MEI KUANG JIA WANCoal Mine Methane (CMM)system. See: Coal Bed Methane气)(or MEI KUANG QI)Co-GenerationSee: Combined Heat and Power. See also: Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT).热电联产RE DIAN LIAN CHANGasproducedasaby-productofthecokingofcoalandatonetimeamainingredientofCoke Oven GasManufactured Gas焦炉气JIAO LU QIAtypeofelectricitygenerationplantinwhichtheheatgeneratedfromcombustionofthegasesisusedtwice.First,thegasisburnedtodriveagasturbine.Thenthehotexhaustgasespassthroughaheatexchangertoraisesteamforasecondarysteamturbineunit.Combined Cycle Gas TurbineCombinedcycleplantshaveathermalefficiencyapproximately50%greaterthanaLIAN HE XUN HUAN(CCGT)normal simple or open turbine.联合循环燃气轮机RAN QI LUN JITheuseofasingleunifiedsystemtosupplyboththeheatandpowerrequirementsofaproject,minimisingheatwaste.Thepowerisproducedthroughgasturbinesoranotherprimemover.TheexhaustheatisharnessedforrequirementsotherthanelectricityCombined Heat and Power (CHP)generation. Also known as Cogeneration and Total Energy.热电联产RE DIAN LIAN CHANTarifftermforachargemadeforeachunitquantityofgasactuallytakenortransported.Maybeinvolumetricorheatunits.DistinguishfromStandingChargeandDemandCommodity ChargeCharge.商品费SHANG PIN FEICommon CarriageCompressed Natural Gas (CNG)Compressor StationConcessionCondensateConfirmation of Intent (COI)TermoftenusedinterchangeablywithOpenAccessandThirdPartyAccessbutwhichisinfactmorespecific.Inacommoncarriagesystemallapplicantsforcapacity(forinstanceinapipelineorstore)aregivenaccessonequalterms.Ifthetotalvolumerequestedexceedsavailablecapacity,theusageofallpartiesisreducedprorata,i.e.:capacityisrationedamongusers.UnderOpenAccess,ifapplicantsseekmorecapacitythanisavailable,capacityisapportionedonafirstcome-firstservedbasisorapay-to-booksystemwhichallowscapacitytobecontractedforandtradedjustlikerentingandsublettingspaceinabuilding.Apipelineorstoreownerwhowishesalsotousesomecapacityforitselfmust,underOpenAccess,dosothroughanarm's-lengthaffiliatewhosecommercialrelationswiththecapacityprovideraretransparentlyidenticaltootherusers.OpenAccessisrequiredonUSinterstatepipelines,whereitisknownasContractCarriage.InEuropethetermOpenAccessissometimesusedlooselyassynonymouswithThirdPartyAccess,todefinetherightof\"thirdparties\"tousethepipeline or equipment of another company. In its general form it encompasses OpenNatural gas compressed into gas cylinders, chiefly used as an alternative for liquid fuelsin road vehicles. CNG remains a gas irrespective of the amount of pressure. Not to beconfused with LPG.Gas loses pressure as it travels long distances through pipelines. To ensure an evenflow, and an adequate pressure at the point of off-take, it must be recompressed atcompressor stations, typically located every 60 km to 100 km along onshoretransmission pipelines. Offshore and in remote areas, it may be preferable to maintainhigher pressures and allow greater distances between compressor stations. On largepipelines compressors are normally driven by gas turbines. Smaller pipelines may usediesel engines.A license awarded either by the Government or the State Oil company. It defines anarea, often referred to as a Block, granted to a company or group of companies for theexploration, production or transportation of oil and/or gas under specified terms andconditions and for a fixed period. Concession areas are frequently initially awarded forexploration. If this is successful then a smaller area is defined, within the explorationblock, to be a production block. My also be applied to permits to construct pipelines,power stations etc. See also: BlockAnaturalgasliquidwithlowvapourpressure,producedfromareservoirwithhighpressureandtemperature.Condensatewillseparatenaturallyinapipelineorseparationplantthroughthenormalprocessofcondensation.Canrefertoanymixtureofrelativelylighthydrocarbonswhichremainliquidatnormaltemperatureandpressure.Therewillbesomepropaneandbutanedissolvedinit.Unlikecrudeoil,itcontainslittleornoneoftheheavyhydrocarbonswhichconstituteheavyfueloil.Therearethreemainsourcesofcondensate:a)Theliquidhydrocarbonswhichareproducedfromagas/condensatereservoir.Thesemaybeonlyslightlydistinguishablefromalightstabilisedcrudeoil.b)Theliquidhydrocarbonswhicharerecoveredatthesurfacefromnon-associatedgas.c)Theliquidhydrocarbonswhichareseparatedoutwhenrawgasistreated.Thiscondensate typically consists of C5 to C8.See: Memorandum of IntentSometimes used as a synonym for Standing Charge but more correctly defined as anamount to be paid by the customer in a lump sum or by installments for a connection tothe supplier's systemSee: Common CarriageAtermhavingaspecificmeaninginaProductionSharingAgreement.TheContractoristhecompany(usuallyaproducingcompany)whichundertakestoexploreand/orproduceforthehostgovernmentinreturnfordefinedvolumesofthegasoroilproduced.Alooselydefinedtermwhichreferstotheincreasinguseofnaturalgasinthegenerationofelectricity.Wheregenerationbecomeswhollyorlargelydependentonnaturalgas,theinterestsofthegassupplierandthepowergeneratorconverge,andthepossibilityarisesofswitchinggasbetweengenerationanddirectsupply,dependingonthepriceavailable for each outlet. Prices converge when there is no benefit in switching.See: DeliveredThe gas which a Contractor acquires under a Production Sharing Agreement to coverthe costs of its operations under the contract. Normally the Contractor operates at itsown risk and, if no hydrocarbons are discovered, the costs are entirely for its account.See also: Profit GasSee: DeliveredThe minimum pressure which must be applied to a gas before it can be liquefied.The temperature above which a gas will not liquefy. irrespective of the pressure applied.Amixtureofhydrocarbonsthatexistsasaliquidinnaturalundergroundreservoirsandremainsliquidatatmosphericpressureafterpassingthroughsurfaceseparatingfacilities.Crudeistherawmaterialwhichisrefinedintogasoline,heatingoil,jetfuel,propane, petrochemicals. and other products.Theprocessofproducing,maintainingandutilisingverylowtemperatures(below-46°C/ -50°F). Relevant in the LNG business. liquefied Natural GasGasinastorewhichprovidesthepressuretoproducestoragegas,butwhichitselfremainsun-produced.Itistypicallyoftheorderof50%ofthetotalstoredvolumeforaquifersanddepletedfields,butlessforothertypesofstorage,WhenthestoreisinitiallyestablishedCushionGas,unlessitisun-producedreservesleftinapartlydepletedfield,maybealargepartofthecapitalcost.CushionGasmayfinallybeusedwhen the store is decommissioned. Also known as Base Gas.容量共享RONG LIANG GONGXIANG压缩天然气YA SUO TIAN RAN QI加压站JIA YA ZHAN区块QU KUAI凝析油意向确认书NING XI YOUYI XIANG QUE RENSHUConnection ChargeContract Carriage连接费合同容量LIAN JIE FEIHE TONG RONGLIANGContractor承包商CHENG BAO SHANGConvergenceCost and Freight (C&F)交合点成本加运费JIAO HE DIANCHENG BEN JIA YUNFEICost GasCost, Insurance and Freight (CIF)Critical PressureCritical Temperature成本气到岸价关键压力关键温度CHENG BEN QIDAO AN JIAGUAN JIAN YA LIGUANG JIAN WEN DUCrude OilCrygenicscircuit原油低温流程电路YUAN YOUDI WEN LIU CHENGCushion Gas垫底气DIAN DI QIRI JUN SHU QULIANGDDaily Average Send-OutTotalvolumeofgasdeliveredduringaperiodoftime,dividedbythetotalnumberofdays in the period.日均输气量Daily Contract Quantity (DCQ)Daily Delivery Rate (DDR)Daily PeakDedication ContractDegree DayDegree Day DeficiencyDeliveredDemand ChargeDepletion ContractDepletion Drive ReservoirDeregulationDerivativesDew PointDistributionDiurnal StorageDiversity FactorDownstreamTheamountofgaswhichaBuyernominallyundertakestopurchaseandaSellerundertakestodeliverinadefined24hourperiod.Althoughfeaturinginmanycontracts,inpracticethisexpressionisoflittlemeaninginitself.ItmayserveasameansofexpressingtheAnnualContractQuantityifthelatterisexpressedasanumberofdaysmultipliedbytheDCQ.ItmayalsodefinetherateatwhichtheSellermustbeabletosupply gas. See also: \"Daily Delivery Rate\".TherateatwhichtheSeller'sfacilitiesmustbecapableofdeliveringgas,expressedasavolumeofgasperday,orasamultipleoftheDailyContractQuantity.Alsoknownasthe Maximum Daily Quantity.Themaximumvolumeofgasdelivered/demandedinanyonedayduringagivenperiod(usually one year).ThecorrecttermtoapplytoaDepletionContractwheretheproductionofawholegasfield is taken up by one buyer.Measures the average temperature during a day. Can be used as part of a Temperature/demandanalysistoestimategasdemandrequirementsoveradayorlongerperiods.Oftenusedtomeasurethedifferencebetweenexpectedandactualtemperatures.Forinstance,anactualaveragetemperatureof5°Conadayis2degreedayswarmerthanan expected average temperature of 3°CThecumulativereductionintemperatureoveragivenperiod.Agiventemperatureistakenasrepresentingtheminimumcomfortlevelgenerallyacceptableforthesocialandeconomicalconditionsoftheareainquestion.Foralldaysonwhichthetemperatureisexpectedtodropbelowthatfigure,theextentofthedeficiencyissummed,thusprovidingaguidetothedemandforheating.Thusifthenormistakenas18°C.andtheaveragetemperaturethroughamonthisexpectedtobe8°C,theDegreeDayDeficiencyfor the month will be 10 x 30 = 300°C.A term used mainly in LNG shipping contracts for an arrangement under which theSeller is responsible for arranging and paying for the shipping of the gas, and titlepasses at the port of delivery. Generally, the Seller's risks are greater in a deliveredtransaction because the buyer only pays for the landed quality/quantity, and the boil offgas is the seller's responsibility. The seller is responsible for clearance through customsand payment of all duties unless the contract provides otherwise. An alternative namefor a Delivered contract is Ex Ship. Very similar to Delivered is Cost, Insurance andFreight (CIF). This is an arrangement under which the Seller arranges and pays forshipping and insurance: as for a Delivered contract, but risk and title are transferredfrom the seller to the buyer in a manner defined in the agreement (e.g. on shipment oron delivery of the bill of lading to the buyer). CIF and Delivered are frequently, buterroneously, treated as if they were identical because the costs to the seller are thesame. Under a CIF contract, however, the seller can avoid being in possession of thecargo within the jurisdiction of the buyer country's government. This may be importantfor fiscal or legal reasons. The third arrangement frequently met in the shipping of LNGis Free on Board. (FOB), which is used to denote deliveries where the buyer arrangesAmonthlyorannualfeepaidbyaBuyerforanominated,reservedpeakorfortheactualpeakvolumeofgastakeninanhourordayinagivenperiod.ThusatypicalexpressionmightbeDollarsperthousandcubicfeetofpeakhourlycapacitypermonth.OftenusedinterchangeablywithCapacityChargealthoughitcanbearguedthatinstrictlogicDemandChargeshouldapplytoagassaleandCapacityChargetoatransportationarrangement.Aproductionsalescontractinwhichthesalevolumesareessentiallygovernedbytheperformancecharacteristicsoftheparticulargasfield.Abuild-uppattern,anexpectedPlateauandamethodfordeterminingdeclinevolumeswillbedefinedinitially,butmaybeamendedastheproductioncapabilitiesofthefieldarebetterunderstoodthroughoperatingexperience.Thebuyerthusassumesalargeshareoftheproductionrisks.See also: Dedication Contract. and Supply Contract.Agasreservoirfromwhichgasisrecoveredbyexpansionasthegaspressurefallswiththeproductionofgasoriginallyinplace.Thereservoircanthereforebetreatedasifitwereaclosedtank.Recoveryfactorsofupto90%ofthegasinplacecanbeachieved.In such reservoirs there is no water driveReductionintheroleofregulatorybodiesusuallyassociatedwithanincreaseinopencompetition,andachievedbythesimplificationoftheregulatoryframework.Deregulationshouldnotbeconfusedwithliberalisationwhichmayrequiretheintroduction of transparent regulatory processes.Financialinstrumentsultimatelybasedontradingaphysicalcommodity,includinggasand other forms of energy. See also: Futures, Forward Contracts, Swaps.The temperatures below which either hydrocarbons (hydrocarbon dew point) or water(water dew point) will start to condense out of a given gas stream. Condensationreduces the accuracy of metering and creates the nuisance of liquid slugs in pipelines,which will need to be cleared out periodically by passing a Qi.9.. though the pipeline. Inaddition, water may react with carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulphide in the gas stream toform acids, and with methane itself, under appropriate conditions, to form Hydrates.Therefore, at the Treatment stage, water is normally removed from the gas stream toreduce the Dew Point to somewhere around -10°C at standard pipeline pressures.Thefinalphaseinthetransportationofgas(andelectricity)anditssaletoendconsumersthroughmiddle-sizedpipelinesandsmalldiameterlowpressurereticulationgrids.Literally, daily storage. The short-term or peak storage of gas in pipelines or gasholders, to meet local. within-day fluctuations in demand, as opposed to seasonalstorage.The ratio of the sum of the individual maximum demands of several consumers or loads,to their simultaneous maximum demand. Usually less than 1 to reflect that not allcustomers are expected to take their maximum demands simultaneously. See also:Load FactorSee: Upstream日均合同量RI JUN HE TONGLIANG日供气率日高峰量独家合同RI GONG QI LVRI GAO FENG LIANGDU JIA HE TONG日平均温度RI PING JUN WEN DU日平均温度差RI PING JUN WEN DUCHA交付气JIAO FU QI需求收费XU QIU SHOU FEI枯竭式合同KU JIE SHI HE TONG溶解气驱动气藏RONG JIE QI QUDONG QI CANG放松管制衍生物FANG SONG GUANZHIYAN SHENG WU凝露点NING LU DIAN分销FEN XIAO日存储RI CUN CHU多样化系数下游DUO YANG HUA XISHUXIA YOUDownward Quantity Tolerance(DQT)Dry GasDry Gas FieldDry HoleTheamountbywhichabuyermayfallshortofitsfullAnnualContractQuantityinaTakeorPaygassalescontractwithoutincurringsanctions.Ifthereisnoprovisionrequiringthebuyertotakesupplementaryvolumesinsubsequentyearstomakegoodforthedeficiency, the Annual Contract Quantity becomes in effect the ACQ minus the DQT. Seealso: Make Good, and Make UpAnalternativenameforLeanGas.Itdoesnotmeanfreeofwater,thoughinsomecasesit may be.Areservoirwhichwillyielddry/leangasandverysmallquantitiesofcondensate;typicallylessthan10barrelspermillioncubicfeet.Thisisequivalentto350barrels/MMcm or 60 cubic metres oil/MMcm gas assuming 0.159 barrels/cubic metre.Aboreholethatcannotproducecommercialvolumesofoilorgas.Conventionallytheterm Well is restricted to a borehole that can produce oil or gas.下浮宽限量贫气XIA FU KUAN XIANLIANGPIN QI贫气田干井PIN QI TIANGAN JINGETheratioofenergyoutputtoenergyinputinaprocess.Oneofthemostfrequentlyencounteredusesofthisratiointhegasindustryisintheuseofgasforpowergeneration,wheretheelectricitysendoutisexpressedasapercentageofthegasconsumed,measuredonthebasisofacommonunite.g.kWh.Careneedstobetakentodistinguishbetweennetandgrossefficiency.SeealsoGrossCalorificValue,NetCalorific Value.Atariffsystemforgasnetworkswhereagasshipperischargedfordeliveringgastothesystematoneormoredefinedentrypointsandagainforremovingthegasatdefinedexitpointseithertoalargecustomerorintoadistributionsystem,oftenatacitygateAdoptedbytheUK,Italy,NetherlandsandNorwayfortheirgastransportationsystemsand strongly favoured by the EU (in 2003) as a means of promoting gas liberalisation.C2H6,oftenabbreviatedtoC2innontechnicalusage.Oneofthemainconstituentelementsofnaturalgasalongwithmethane.Boilsat-84.4°C.Atnormaltemperaturesadry, colourless and odourless gas. A feed stock for ethylene production.Acolourlessgas(C2H4)producedbycrackinghydrocarbonssuchasethaneornaphthaandusedasafeedstockforpetrochemicals.suchasfibresandmanyplastics.Boilsat-103.7°C.Atermusedintwodifferentway:-a)GastakeninanyyearinexcessoftheAnnualContractQuantity.DependingonthetermsofthecontractandthestatusofdeliveriessuchgasmayqualifyasCarryForward.MakeGoodorMakeUpgas.b)Gastakenatarate in excess of the Daily Delivery Rate at a premium price.Areasdefinedupto200nauticalmilesoffshorebythe1982UnitedNationsLawoftheSeawhichcanbeexploitedbythethosenationswithcoastlines.Appliestobothfisheriesandexploitationofmineralsonorbelowtheseabed.Thissupersededthe1958 Continental Shelf convention that established national jurisdictions only out to waterdepths of 200 metres.Efficiency/ Heat Efficiency效率/热效率XIAO LV/RE XIAO LVEntry/Exit Tariff System进出收费体系JIN CHU SHOU FEI TIXIEthane乙烷YI WANEthylene, Ethene乙烯YI XIExcess Gas超额气CHAO E QIExlusive Economic Zones专属经济区ZHUAN SHU JING JIQUFFederal Energy RegulatoryCommission (FERC)AUSgovernmentorganisationwhoseresponsibilitiesincluderegulatingtheinterstateLIAN BENG NENGgasindustry.HasnojurisdictionovergaspipelineandsupplywherethetradeisentirelyYUAN JIAN GUAN WEIwithin individual states.联邦能源监管委员会YUAN HUIHydrocarbons used as raw material in an industrial process, not as a fuel. The principaluses of natural gas as a feedstock are in the manufacture of ammonia and ammonia-based fertilisers and methanol. A potential major market is the use of gas to makesynthetic oil products such as motor gasoline and middle distillates. May also be used todenote the feedstock used to produce electricity, but statistical summaries of gasconsumption normally distinguish this use from chemical feedstock uses. See also:Middle Distillate Synthesis.原料;给料YUAN LIAOTheprocessofquantifyingreservelevelsandproductionpotentialofanewlydiscoveredpetroleum(oiland/orgas)reservoir,usuallybydrillingoneormoredelineationorappraisal wells.油气田评估YOU QI TIAN PING GUGas which a supplier commits to supply to a purchaser under terms defined in theHE TONG CHENGcontract, without interruption. See also: Interruptible Gas合同承诺气NUO QIAchemicalprocesstoconvertSynthesisGastoparaffinsbypolymerization.Originallydevelopedintheearly20thCenturytomakegasolinefromcoal.Recentresearchhasidentifiedcatalystswhichgreatlyincreasetheefficiencyoftheprocessbycreatingverylongwaxyproducts,whichcanthenbeturnedintoveryhighqualityliquidfuelsbyconventional cracking. See: Middle Distillate Synthesis.费普流程FEI PU LIU CHENGTheminimumandmaximumpercentagesofgasinairwithinwhichthegaswillignite.For natural gas these limits lie approximately between 5% and 15%.易燃限值YI RAN XIAN ZHIThe diagrame of sequnce of opreation in computer or accounting system流程图Theprocessofburningunwantednaturalgasoroil.Inthecaseofgas,usuallyoccurswhenitisassociatedwithoilandcannotbeeconomicallyexploitedorre-injected.Nowless prevalent, as the value of gas and the possibility of economic marketing increases.火炬；焚烧HUO JUSee: Meter流量器LIU LIANG QIAcontractualtermusedtodefinecircumstancesinwhichapartytoacontractisnotobligedtocarryoutitsobligationsbecauseofmajoreventsoutsideitscontrol.ForceMajeurecanmeanverydifferentthings,dependinguponthelawunderwhichthecontractiswrittenandtheprovisionsoftheclause,whichcanvarywidely.ExamplesofForce majeure could be war, extreme weather, industrial action.不可抗力BU KE KANG LIBuying and selling gas (and other commodities) to be delivered at a later date, not undera long term contract. See: Futures期货贸易QI HUO MAO YISee: Delivered离岸价LI AN JIAEquipmentusedtogenerateelectricenergydirectlyfromthereactionofhydrogenandoxygeninthepresenceofacatalyst.withoutcombustion.Naturalgascanbeusedasafeedstockfromwhichtoobtainthehydrogen.Carbondioxidewillthenbeproducedinthe reformation process.燃料电池RAN LIAO DIAN CHIGaseousfuels.Inparticularlowpressurenaturalgasusedtofuelproductionortreatment facilities.燃料气RAN LIAO QIAfutureisacontracttobuyorsellaspecifiedquantityofgas(oranyothercommodity)foraspecifiedpriceonapre-arrangeddate.Thecontractisusuallyofstandardformand can itself be traded at an exchange such as NYMEX or the IPE.期货QIHUOFeedstockField AppraisalFirm GasFischer-Tropsch ProcessFlammability LimitsFlow chartFlaringFlow MeterForce MajeureForward TradingFree on Board (FOB)Fuel CellFuel GasFuturesGTIAN RAN QI JI DIANLI SHI CHANG GUANThebodywhichdeterminesstrategyandtakesmajorpolicydecisionsforGreatBritain's天然气及电力市场管LI BU MEN (or QI DIANenergyregulation.Daytodaymanagementofpolicy,resourcesandoperationalissues理部门 (or 气电市SHI CHANG GUAN LIis carried out by the Office of Gas and Electricity Markets (OFGEM)场管理机构)JI GOU)Inafieldwhereoilissaturatedwithgas,sothatitcandissolvenomore,somegaswillcollectatthetopofthereservoir,whereitisknownascapgas,andformsagascap.CapGasoverliestheoilandthusprovidesadditionalpressureforoilproduction.CapGaswillthereforeoftenbeproducedonlyafteralltheoilhasbeenproducedandwillthenbetreatedasNonAssociatedGas.UnlikeSolutionGas,itisnotcommingledwiththe oil.气顶QI DINGAfieldconsistingofoneormorereservoirscontainingamixtureofgasesatreservoirtemperatureandpressure,butwhichatnormaltemperatureandpressureseparatesoutintonaturalgasandcondensates.Agascondensatefieldisricherinliquidsthanadrygasfieldbutthereisnoprecisecutoff.Sometimesareservoirwillbeproducedprimarilytoobtainthecondensate;thegasmaybere-injected,usedasasecondaryproduct,e.g.forLNGproductionor,particularlyinareasremotefromthemarket,flared.Theliquidinagascondensatefieldisoftenmorevaluablethanthegas.Seealso:\"GasCycling\".凝析油气田NING XI YOU QI TIANTheratioofgastocondensateinagas/condensatereservoir,usuallyexpressedinpracticeastheratioofcondensatetogas.TypicalunitsarebarrelsofcondensateperTIAN RAN QI NING XImillion cubic feet of gas.天然气凝析油比YOU BIAprocessinwhichproducedgasisre-injectedintothereservoirafterremovalofthecondensate.ThisistomaintainthereservoirpressureandpreventcondensatefromTIAN RAN QI XUN.condensing\"inthereservoirandthenbecomingdifficulttorecover.ThiscontrastswithHUAN HUO ZAI XUANblowing down the gas condensate field.天然气循环或再循环HUANA period of 24 hours starting and ending at a stated hour (often 0600 hours).天然气日TIAN RAN QI RIAninstrumenttodetectthepresenceofvariousgases,oftenasasafetyprecautiontoTIAN RAN QI TAN CEguard against leakage of flammable or toxic gases.天然气探测器QIAsystemofpipelinesfromanumberoffields,bringinggastoacentralpoint,oftenaTIAN RAN QI CAI JI XIprocessing system or the inlet to a major transportation pipeline.天然气采集系统TONGThetermusedforthenetworkofgastransmissionanddistributionpipelinesinaregionorcountry,throughwhichgasistransportedtoindustrial,commercialanddomesticTIAN RAN QI GUANusers.天然气管网WANGOvergroundstructureusedtoholdgasforwithin-daypeakshavingpurposes.Gasholdersarerelicsofthemanufacturedgaseraandaresteadilydisappearing,theirTIAN RAN QI LIN SHIfunction being largely usurped by Line Pack.天然气临时存储器CHU CUN QIInjectionofgasintoanoilreservoirinorder10mixgaswithoil.reducethefluiddensityand so assist oil flow.天然气提取TIAN RAN QI TI QUSee: Liquefied Natural Gas天然气液化TIAN RAN QI YE HUAAcompanythatsuppliesgastoendusers(seealso:Shippers),andLDCs(USA,ContinentalEurope).MarketersarealsomajorusersoftransportationcapacityintheTIAN RAN QI YINGUSA.天然气营销方XIAO FANGTheseparationofoilandgas,andtheremovalofimpuritiesandnaturalgasliquidsfromTIAN RAN QI JIAnatural gas to meet the delivery specification of a gas transportation pipeline.天然气加工GONGTIAN RAN QI GONGA company that sells gas to the end consumer (UK).天然气供应方YING FANGProcessesinwhichnaturalgasisconvertedtoSyntheticGasolineorMiddleDistillates,usingtheFischerTropschsynthesismethod.Increasinglyrelevantwheregasisfoundinfields remote from markets such that delivery by pipeline is likely to be uneconomic.Aturbinepropelledbytheexpansionofcompressedair,heatedbythecombustionofafuel such as natural gas or gas oil. Widely used for power generation.A borehole sunk into the ground with the objective of bringing natural gas to the surface.The volume of gas at atmospheric pressure produced per unit volume of oil produced ina . given field. This volume will normally vary considerably over the life of the field. Maybe expressed as a simple volumetric ratio e.g. 500:1 or as cu ft/Barrel. See also:Solution GasGaz Naturale Liquifie: The French language acronym for LNG, stands for Gaz NaturalLiquifie.Oftenusedtorefertoaplanneddevelopmentwhichmustbebuiltfromscratchonanewsite, hence green field, without existing infrastructure.Theheatgeneratedbythecompletecombustionofaunitvolumeofgasinoxygen,includingtheheatwhichwouldberecoveredbycondensingthewatervapourformed.Thepreferredvalueforexpressinggascalorificqualityingascontracts.AlsoknownasHigherCalorificValue(HCV)orHigherHeatingValue(HHV).Seealso:NetCalorificValue.Alternative name for Gross Calorific ValueGas and Electricity MarketsAuthority (GEMA)Gas CapGas Condensate FieldGas Condensate RatioGas Cycling or Re-CyclingGas DayGas DetectorGas Gathering SystemGas GridGas HolderGas LiftGas LiquefactionGas MarketerGas ProcessingGas SupplierGas to Liquid (GTL)Gas TurbineGas Well气转液气轮机气井QI ZHUAN YEQI LUN JIQI JINGGas/Oil RatioGNL (French for LNG)Greenfield油气比液化天然气新项目YOU QI BIYE HUA TIAN RAN QIXIN XIANG MUGross Calorific Value (GCV)Gross Heating Value (GHV)Heel LNG总热值总热值留底天然气ZONG RE ZHIZONG RE ZHILIU DI TIAN RAN QIHLNG left in ship and shore storage tanks to maintain their cryogenic temperatures.DeliverypointinLouisiana,USA.ThelargestcentralizedpointfornaturalgasspotandfuturestradingintheUnitedStates.TheNewYorkMercantileExchange(NYMEX)usesHenryHubasthenotionalpointofdeliveryforitsnaturalgasfuturescontract.NYMEXdeliveriesatHenryHubaretreatedinthesamewayascash-markettransactions.ManynaturalgasmarketersalsouseHenryHubastheirphysicalcontractdeliverypointortheirpricebenchmarkforspottradesofnaturalgas.HenryHubisownedandoperatedbySabinePipeLine,LLC,whichisawhollyownedsubsidiaryofChevronTexaco.HenryHENRY HUB天然气Hub interconnects nine interstate and four intrastate pipelines.期货合约HENRY HUBA colourless gas (C9H14) naturally occurring in gas fields and normally left as part of thecondensate stream after separation. Boils at -69°C.己烷JI WANHenry HubHexaneHigh Sulphur Fuel Oil (HSFO)Higher Calorific Value (HCV)Higher Heating Value (HHV)Hourly PeakHubHydratesHydrocarbonThebottomoftheoilbarrel.Thelowestpricedoilproductnow,forenvironmentalreasons,oftenbannedoronlyallowedtobeusedwhererigorouscontrolofemissionsispracticed.Insomecountrieswithdevelopinggas-to-oilcompetitionitmayrepresentthemarker for power station fuel.高硫燃油See: \"Gross Calorific Value\".高热值See: \"Gross Calorific Value\".高热值Themaximumvolumeofgasdeliveredordemandedinanyonehourduringagivenperiod (usually 24 hours).小时高峰量Aterm,metmostfrequentlyintheU.S.,butalsonowusedinEurope,forageographicalpointatwhichseveralpipelinesmeet,storageisoftenavailable,andopportunitiesforgastradingcanbeexploited.TherearemanyhubsintheU.S.,ofwhichthemostimportant is Henry Hub.管网枢纽Ice-likesolids,aclatherateinwhichmethanemoleculesareheldwithinthemolecularspacesofthewatermolecule.Canforminpipelinesandwellsundercertainconditionsofnearfreezingtemperaturesandhighpressures.Theirformationisavertedbyensuringthatwatervapourlevelsinthegasarekeptbelowspecifiedlevels.Seealso:Treatment,DewPoint.Hydratesarefoundnaturallybeneaththeoceanatdepthsgreaterthan300minmanyareas,wheretheyareestimatedtohavelockedupmanytrillionsofcubicmetresofmethane.Thereisspeculationthatthesehydratesmayprovideacommercialresourceinthefuture.Hydrateshavealsobeenproposedasameansoftransporting natural gas by sea, possibly competing with LNG.氢氧化物An organic compound containing only the elements hydrogen and carbon. Hydrocarbonsexist as solids, liquids and gases.碳氢化合物（烃）GAO LIU RAN YOUGAO RE ZHIGAO RE ZHIXIAO SHI GAO FENGLIANGGUAN WANG SHUNIUQING YANG HUA WUTAN QING HUA HEWUIAt the wellhead, natural gas will probably contain methane and various heavier fractions.It may also contain a number of non-hydrocarbons, some or all of which will need to beremoved. There may also be substances introduced into the well as a result of drillingoperations, such as inhibitors, mud etc. The principal harmful impurities in the gas itselfare likely to be carbon dioxide and sulphur compounds, notably hydrogen sulphide,which can create corrosion in the pipelines in the presence of water and can seriouslydamage chemical plant units built of aluminium. Hydrogen Sulphide is also extremelytoxic. Excessive water vapour can lead to the formation of acids and hydrates. Someimpurities, such as sulphur or helium, can be recovered economically as by-products ifin sufficient concentration in the gas. Other impurities, such as inert gases and nitrogencause no directly harmful effects but dilute the calorific value of the gas and mean thatpipeline capacity is being wasted; whether or not they should be removed is simply aImpuritiesquestion of economics. See also: Treatment, Natural Gas Liquids, Condensates.杂质ZA ZHIElectricpowergeneratornotamemberofthemajornationalorregionalentity,Independent Power Plant (IPP)producing electricity for an industrial complex and/or for sale to the electricity grid.独立电厂DU LI DIAN CHANGInert GasA chemically inert gas, resistant to chemical reactions with other substances.惰性气体DUO XING QI TIAproposedmeansofgeneratingelectricityfromcoalandotherlowgradehydrocarbonsbygasifyingthemattheelectricitygenerationsitetherebygainingsomeoftheefficiencyIntegrated Gasification CombinedofCCGTgeneration.Whilethechemical&engineeringprinciplesarewellunderstooditYI TI HUA QI HUA LIANCycle (IGCC)has yet to be demonstrated as a commercial proposition.一体化气化联合循环HE XUN HUANAParis-basedorganisationwhichco-ordinatestheenergypoliciesofitsmembercountries.ThelEAalsocompilesdetailedenergystatisticsandreports,includingcountriesoutsidetheorganisationitself.AnautonomouswingoftheOrganisationforGUO JI NENG YUANInternational Energy Agency (IEA)Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).国际能源署SHUTheInternationalGasUnion(IGU)Foundedin1931.Aworldwidenon-profitorganisationof65nationalgasindustryassociationswhoseobjectiveistopromotethetechnicalandInternational Gas Union (IGU)economic progress of the gas industry. Organises the triennial World Gas Conference.An energy futures and options exchange based in London. Gasoil futures have beenInternational Petroleum Exchangetraded since 1981, Brent crude futures from 1988. and natural gas futures since 1997.(IPE)See also: NYMEXGasmadeavailableunderagreementspermittingthesuppliertoterminate,orinterruptdeliveries,usuallyforalimitednumberofdaysinaspecificperiod.Usuallysoldatareducedpriceandusedtoboostsales/transportationinslackseasons(normallythesummer).Importantinloadbalancingbecause(byreducinggasdemand)itisanInterruptible Gasalternative to using stored gas. The converse of Interruptible Gas is firm gas.Into Plant Price (IPP)The price charged for gas at its entry to the plant.国际气联GUO JI QI LIANGUO JI SHI YOU JIAOYI SUO国际石油交易所可中断的供气入厂价KE ZHONG ZHI GONGQIRU CHANG JIAJA contract term relating to responsibilities under a contract, usually for payment, oftenmisunderstood. Where, for example, there are several buyers in one contract, a jointresponsibility does not mean an equal or pro rata responsibility. It means that if onebuyer defaults on its liabilities the other buyers will be liable to make good that default.Where responsibilities are several, each party is responsible only for its own default.Joint and Several共同且各自GONG TONG QIE GEZIKJapanesecitywhichwasthelocationforaninternationalagreementontheneedtoreducethelevelemissionsofgreenhousegasesintotheEarth'satmosphere.Thetreatyhasyet(mid-2003)toberatified,butanumberofcountriesarealreadyintroducingpolicies to limit greenhouse gas emissions.Kyoto京都JING DULLean GasGashighinmethanecontent(typically95%ormore)andwithfewhigherfractions.Henceofrelativelylowcalorificvalue.AlsoknownasDryGas.TheconverseofRichGas.AlsoknownasConfirmationofIntentandLetterofIntent.Ahalfwayhousetothesigningofafullcontract.Itslegalstatusisratherunclearanditsvaluelieslargelyinhowitisviewedbythepartiesconcerned.Itwillnormallybeafairlybriefdocumentsettingouttheprincipalframeworkofthecontractandspecifyingadatebywhichitisexpectedthatafullcontractwillbecompleted.AnMalwilloftenhavearelativelybriefvalidity,butinsome cases they have served to govern active operations over a period of years.贫气PIN QILetter of Intent (LOI)意向书YI XIANG SHULiberalisationLimited AccessLimited LiabilityLimited Recourse FinancingAtermoftenconfusedwithDeregulationbutoftenmeaningquitethereverse.Liberalisationistheprocessoffreeingamarketfromwhatareperceivedasunduemonopolisticforces,toachievewhichahighdegreeofregulationmayberequired,atleast in early years.Agasdistributionsysteminwhichahostpipelinemovesitsownmerchantgasunderdifferentrulestothoseapplyingtooutsiderscontractingforsparecapacity.ThesystemappliestolocaldistributioncompaniesandintrastatepipelinesintheUSandisanalogous to but not identical with Negotiated AccessAprovisioninverylargegascontractsunderwhichlimitsaresettotheamountspayableby a defaulting party in a contract.See: Project FinancingAprocedureforallowingmoregastoenterapipelinethanisbeingwithdrawn,thusincreasingthepressure,.packing\"moregasintothesystem.andeffectivelycreatingstorage.The\"packed\"gascansubsequentlybewithdrawnwhenneeded.Ausefulmethodofmeetingshortterm(hourlyordiurnal)peakdemandrequirements.Insomeareas,wherethereisaparticularlyhighpeakaseriesofadditionalloopsmaybelaidneartheentrytothesystemtoprovideadditionallinepack.Suchsystemsareeffectivelya modern version of the old gas holder.See: Liquefied Natural GasLNGisNaturalGaswhichhasbeencooledlaatemperature,aroundtheboilingpointofmethane(-162°C),atwhichitliquefies,thusreducingitsvolumebyafactorofaround600.Theexactboilingofanygasmixtureandthereductioninvolumewilldependonitscomposition.TheprocessofLiquefactioniscarriedoutinanLNGPlant.Mostlytheseareverylargescaleplantsbuiltforprojectstransportinggasbysea,butinmanycountriessmallLNGplantshavebeenbuilttoliquefygasduringtheseasonsoflowdemandtoprovidePeakShavingwhenrequired.LNGPlantsconsistofoneormoreLNGTrains.eachofwhichisanindependentgasliquefactionunit.ItismorecosteffectivetoaddatraintoanexistingLNGplant,thantobuildanewLNGplant,becauseinfrastructurebuiltforearlytrains,suchasshipterminalsandotherutilities,maybecapableofbeingusedalsofornewLNGtrains.ThetermTrainissometimesextendedlooselytoembracetherelevantshipping,storageandotherfacilitiesrequiredtobringthe resultant LNG to market. Liquefied gas is transported and stored as a boiling liquidPropane, butane. or propane-butane mixtures which have been liquefied throughpressure, mild refrigeration, or a combination of both. Usually a derivative of refineryoperations but often stripped out of natural gas streams, if rich enough. Not to beconfused with LNGA trading market characterized by the ability to buy and sell with relative ease, usuallybecause there are many buyers and sellers.See: Liquefied Natural GasSee: Liquefied Natural GasSee: Liquefied Natural GasSee: Liquefied Natural Gas自由化ZI YOU HUA有限准入有限责任有限追索权融资YOU XIAN ZHUN RUYOU XIAN ZE RENYOU XIAN ZUI SUOQUAN RONG ZILine PackLiquefaction管道储存液化GUAN DAO CHU CUNYE HUALiquefied Natural Gas液化天然气YE HUA TIAN RAN QILiquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)Liquid MarketLNG PlantLNG StorageLNG TerminalLNG TrainLNG VesselsSee: Liquefied Natural GasAvisualexpressionofanumberof(daily)demandsoveralongperiod.mostoftenayear.Demandsarenormallyorderedwiththehighesttotheleftandthelowesttotheright,sothatthehorizontalscalebearsnorelationtocalendartiming.Canbeused,amongotherthings,tomeasurevolumesofdemand(orsupply)aboveagiventhreshold.Theareabeneaththecurveandbetweenhorizontalthresholdsrepresentsthevolumerequiredtosupplyaparticularmarketsegment.TheapproachisusedinbothLoad Duration Curveelectricity and gas industries.Ameasureofutilizationforplant,oroftherelationshipbetweenaverageandpeakdemandorsupply,asdeterminedbytheformula:Averagex100IPeakForsupplyanddemandcalculationsaverageandpeakmostoftenrefertodailydemandwithinyear,butanyotherperiodsarepossible.Theresultingfigureisusuallyexpressedasapercentagebut,wheretheperiodcoveredisayear,thepercentageissometimesmultipliedby8760,sothattheloadfactorisexpressedasanumberofhours.ThusaLoad Factor50% Load Factor can also be expressed as 4380 hours. See also: Swing.Companythatdistributesnaturalgasprimarilytosmall,residentialandindustrialend-Local Distribution Company (LDC)users.Increasingthecapacityofapipelinesystem,byaddingparallelpipingalongpartorLoopingwhole of the route. Does not apply to the addition of compression facilities.Fueloilwithalowsulphurcontent.UsuallylessdensethanHighSulphurFuelOil.Innewmarketswithgas-to-oilcompetitionthisoftenrepresentsthemarkerfuelforlargeLow Sulphur Fuel Oil (LSFO)segments of the industrial market.Lower Calorific Value (LCV)See also: Net Calorific ValueLower Heating Value (LHV)See also: Net Calorific ValueYE HUA SHI YOU QILIU DONG XING SHI流动性市场CHANGYE HUA TIAN RAN QI液化天然气厂CHANGYE HUA TIAN RAN QI液化天然气储存CHU CUNYE HUA TIAN RAN QI液化天然气接收站JIE SHOU ZHANYE HUA TIAN RAN QI液化天然气生产线SHENG CHAN XIANYE HUA TIAN RAN QI液化天然气船舶CHUAN BO液化石油气负荷持续曲线FU HE CHI XU SHIJIAN QU XIAN负荷系数城市燃气增加回路FU HE XI SHUCHENG SHI RAN QIZENG JIA HUI LU低硫燃油净热值低热值DI LIU RAN YOUJING RE ZHIDI RE ZHIMAnoccasionalfeatureingascontracts.WhereabuyerhasfailedtotakeitsfullAnnualContractQuantityobligationinayear,buthasnotuseditsfullDownwardQuantityTolerance,itmustneverthelesstakeexcessgasinsubsequentyearstomakegooditsdeficiency,beforeitisentitledtoclaimforanyMakeUpGastowhichitisentitledthrough shortfalls greater than the Downward Quantity Tolerance.When a Buyer has incurred Take or Pay obligations it may have rights in subsequentyears to receive equivalent gas volumes (Make Up Gas) free or at reduced prices after ithas taken gas in. excess of an agreed threshold volume. This is commonly the AnnualContract Quantity but may, for example, be ACQ minus Downward Quantity Tolerance.Make up gas should not be confused with Make Good Gas.Gas manufactured from coal or oil to supply town grids in the days before Natural Gas.See also: Blast Furnace Gas, Coke Oven Gas, Coal Gas, Oil Gasification, Town GasMake Good Gas提足气TI ZU QIMake Up GasManufactured Gas补提气人造气BU TI QIREN ZAO QIMaximum Daily Quantity (MDQ)Maximum Daily Rate (MDR)MercuryAn alternative name for Daily Delivery RateAn alternative name for Daily Delivery Rate最高日交货量最高日流量汞ZAI GAO RI JIAO LIULIANGZUI GAO RI LIU LIANGMemorandum of Intent (MOI)MercaptansMerchant PipelineAlsoknownasConfirmationofIntentandLetterofIntent.Ahalfwayhousetothesigningofafullcontract.Itslegalstatusisratherunclearanditsvaluelieslargelyinhowitisviewedbythepartiesconcerned.Itwillnormallybeafairlybriefdocumentsettingouttheprincipalframeworkofthecontractandspecifyingadatebywhichitisexpectedthatafullcontractwillbecompleted.AnMalwilloftenhavearelativelybriefvalidity,butinsome cases they have served to govern active operations over a period of years.Chemical compounds of sulphur used as odorants.A pipeline system which itself buys and sells part or all of the gas it transports, incontrast to a pipeline which simply carries gas on behalf of others. See also: OpenAccess, Negotiated Access, Third Party Access, Common Carriage.Measuring devise, usually located at a point where ownership is transferred, for exampleat the entry to a customer's premises, city gate, national border or gas processing plant.Note that to determine the energy content of the gas it will be necessary to monitor thecomposition & hence calorific value of the gas. This is done at high pressure meterstations but not normally downstream of a city gate. Depending on the size of flow,meters may be: Flow meters: measuring gas throughput using a rotor which is made torevolve by the gas flowing though it. Ultrasound meters: more sophisticated, based onthe principle that sound waves travel faster with than against the flow. By measuring thedifference in traveling time between the two sets of measurements the gas flow rate canbe measured to an accuracy of more than 0.5%. Orifice plate meters: older, and lessaccurate than other meters. Calculates flow rates by measuring the drop in pressureover a pierced obstructing plate placed in the pipeline. See also: TelemetryA colourless, odourless flammable gas, lighter than air under normal conditions (CH4,often abbreviated to C, in non technical usage). Methane is the first member in thealkane (paraffin) series and is the chief constituent of natural gas. At atmosphericpressure, it liquefies at -162 degrees C.Methylalcohol,producedfromnaturalgasviaSynthesisGas.UsedasachemicalintheresinandpaintindustryandinthemanufactureofMethylTertiaryButylEther,(MTBE)andaceticacid,butalsoofinterestasapossibletotalorpartialsubstituteformotorgasoline in cars. Very toxic.A chemical process using the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis method for making syntheticmiddle distillates (principally naphtha, kerosene and gas oil) from natural gas.See: UpstreamThe UK Monopolies and Mergers Commission, now replaced by the CompetitionCommission, but in its former guise conducted two important enquiries into the Britishgas industry.意向备忘录硫醇YI XIANG BEI WANGLULIU CHUN交易管道JIAO YI GUAN DAOMeter计量表JI LIANG BIAOMethane甲烷JIA WANMethanolMethyldiethanolamineMiddle Distillate Synthesis (MDS)MidstreamMonopolies and MergersCommission (MMC)甲醇甲基二乙醇胺JIA CHUNZHONG JI ZENG LIU中级蒸馏合成物HE CHENG WU中游ZHONG YOULONG DUAN JI BING垄断及并购管理委员GOU GUAN LI WEI会YUAN HUINNational Balancing PointThe imaginary (notional) point at which all gas that has paid to enter the UK NationalTransmission System is deemed to be located. The point at which most UK gas tradingtakes place. See also: Entry Exit Tariff SystemAmixtureofgenerallygaseoushydrocarbonsoccurringnaturallyinundergroundstructures.Naturalgasconsistsmainlyofmethane.andvariableproportionsofethane,propaneandbutane.Therewillusuallybesomecondensateand/oroilassociatedwiththegas.Morespecifically,thetermisalsousedtomeantreatednaturalgaswhichissupplied to industrial, commercial and domestic users and meeting a specified quality.Seminal example of deregulation/ liberalisation in the USA.Heavier hydrocarbons found in natural gas production streams and extracted fordisposal separately. Within defined limits ethane, propane and butane may be left in thegas to enrich the calorific value; whether to extract them or not is largely a commercialdecision. Heavier fractions which are liquids at normal temperatures and pressures willbe removed. The terms Natural Gas Liquids and Condensates are in practice usedvirtually interchangeably. Rather confusingly, there is no agreement on whether the termNGLs includes or excludes LPGs and both usages are current.A motorised vehicle powered by natural gas. See: Compressed Natural GasButanes and heavier fractions extracted from rich natural gas which, after stabilisation(removal of the lighter fractions) may be blended into motor gasoline.ArestrictedformofThirdPartyAccess,whichexcludestherequirementfortheaccesstermstobetransparentorappliedequallytoallapplicants.IthasbeenproposedintheEuropeanUnionasacompromisebyopponentsofOpenAccess.SometimesabbreviatedtonTPA.Broadlydefinesaccessbyonepartytoanotherparty'sfacilitiesthroughnegotiation.theresultofwhichis,byimplication,confidential,andnotnecessarilyconsistentwithnegotiationsbetweenthefacilityownerandthethirdparty.See also: Limited AccessTheheatgeneratedbythecompletecombustionofaunitvolumeofgasinoxygen,excludingtheheatwhichwouldberecoveredbycondensingthewatervapourformed.NetCalorificValueisusuallyseenasameasureoftheeffectiveheatproducedratherthanthetotalheatinthegas.AlsoknownasLowerCalorificValueorLowerHeatingValue.Fornaturalgas,typically10%lowerthantheGHVorHHV.Seealso:GrossCalorific ValueSee: Net Calorific ValueThe value of a gas, at e.g. the border or the wellhead, calculated by deducting the costsassociated with getting it from that point to the eventual point of sale from its competitivevalue at that point of sale.全国成交价QUAN GUO CHENGJIAO JIANatural GasNatural Gas Act (NGA)天然气天然气法令TIAN RAN QITIAN RAN QI FA LINGNatural Gas Liquids (NGLs)Natural Gas Vehicle (NGV)Natural Gasoline天然气液体燃气汽车天然气液TIAN RAN QI YE TIRAN QI QI CHETIAN RAN QI YENegotiated Access (nTPA)谈判准入TAN PAN ZHUN RUNet Calorific Value (NCV)Net Heating Value (NHV)净热值净热值JING RE ZHIJING RE ZHINetback Value净价值JING JIA ZHINetwork CodeNew York Mercantile Exchange(NYMEX)Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)Non Associated GasNon Recourse FinancingIngeneral,adetailedcontractualregimegoverningaccesstoagasgrid.NetworkCodesexist.Orarebeingdevelopedinseveralcountries,especiallyinEurope.InNorthAmericatherulesofthesystemarereferredtoas\"TheTariff'.Inparticular,thecontractualregimeforthegasgridinGreatBritainoperatedbyTransco.DevisedbyTranscoandshippers,itisamendedthroughrulesapprovedbytheGBenergyregulator(Gas and Electricity Markets Authority or Ofgem). See also: Tariff and RatesTheworld'slargestphysicalcommodityfuturesexchange.Hasexistedfor130yearsandpioneered the development of energy futures and options contracts in the 1970s.OxidesofNitrogen,resultingfromthecombustionoffuels,causingatmosphericpollution in the form of smog.Gas found in reserves independent of oil, which can therefore be produced in patternsbest suited to its own operational and market requirements. Natural gas in a reservoirwhich contains no crude oil. See also: Associated Gas.See: Project Financing网络代码纽约商品交易所氮氧化物WANG LUO DAI MANIU YUE SHANG PINJIAO YI SUODAN YANG HUA WU非伴生气无追索权融资FEI BAN SHENG QIWU ZHUI SUO QUANRONG ZIOStrong smelling chemicals injected into natural gas, which otherwise is odourless, inOdorantsorder to make its presence more easily detectable. See: Mercaptans.芳香剂FANG XIANG JITheprocessofgivingodourlessnaturalgasasmellforsafetyreasonsbyinjectingsmallquantitiesoforganicsulphurcompounds,typicallyattherateof30ppm.UsuallycarriedOdorisingout at the city gate or at the exit from the High pressure transmission system.加嗅JIA XIUTheregulatorforthegasandelectricityindustriesinGreatBritain.GovernedbytheGasandElectricityMarketsAuthority.ItspowersareprovidedbytheGasAct1986,theTIAN RAN QI DIAN LIOffice of Gas and ElectricityElectricityAct1989andtheUtilitiesAct2000.SuccessororganisationtoOFGASand天然气电力市场办公SHI CHANG BANMarkets (OFGEM)OFFER, the former separate Gas and Electricity Regulators.室GONG SHITIAN RAN QI DIAN LI天然气电力管制办公GUAN ZHI BAN GONGOffice of Gas Supply (OFGAS)See: Office of Gas and Electricity Markets, (OFGEM)室SHITheperiodduringaday,week,monthoryearwhentheloadbeingdeliveredbyagasOff-Peaksystem is not at its maximum volume.非峰期FEI FENG QIOfftake PointThe point in a gas system where gas is taken by supply pipe to a consumer.提气点TI QI DIANThe conversion of oil or naphtha into gas to be used as a fuel. See also: ManufacturedOil GasificationGas.石油气化SHI YOU QI HUASystem of within-day gas trading into Great Britain in 1999. A screen-based systemOn the day Commodity Marketdesigned to allow shippers, traders and the system operator (Transco) to resolve within-JI QI SHANG PIN SHI(OCM)day demand and supply imbalance in an orderly fashion.即期商品市场CHANGKAI FANG SHI ZHUNOpen AccessSee: Common Carriage开放式准入RUAgasturbine,oftenderivedfromaero-engines,usedforpeakgenerationofelectricity.AlsousedinconjunctionwithasteamturbineinacombinedcyclepowerplantthenonlyKAI FANG SHI XUNOpen Cycle Gas Turbine (OCGT)the gas turbine is used it may be termed \"single cycle\".开放式循环燃气轮机HUAN RAN QI LUN JIAmeansofdemonstratingtoaregulatorthatcapacityisofferedonatransparentbasis.Itisusedprincipallywherepipelinesarerequiredbyregulationtoofferonlytransportationservices,forexampleinNorthAmericaandtheSouthernConeofSouthAmerica.Itisalsobeingusedelsewhereasameansofgatheringinformationaboutpotentialinterestinapipeline/LNGetcprojecttohelpthesponsorsdecidehowandKAI SHI JIAO YI QIOpen Seasonwhen to size the project.开市交易期间JIANOrifice Plate MeterSee: Meter计量表JI LIANG BIAOOver the Counter Trading (OTC)Trading that takes place outside a formal Exchange.场外交易CHANG WAI JIAO YIPPeak DayPeak HourThedayintheyearonwhichthedemandforgasishighest.Intemperateareasthisisnormallyacolddayinmidwinter.Inwarmerareasitmayoccurmidsummer,whenthereis a high air conditioning load met either directly by gas or by gas-fired power.Thehourinthedayinwhichdemandforgasishighest.Chieflyrelevanttodistributionsystems. Is normally around the midday or evening meal time.高峰日高峰时GAO FENG RIGAO FENG SHIPeak LoadPeak ShavingPentanes PlusPermeabilityPetrochemicalPetroleumPigPipelinePipeline CapacityThemaximumloadproducedorconsumedbyaunitinastatedperiodoftime.Insometariffsystemsisanimportantcomponentofthetariffdesign,sinceitdefinesthecapacitythat is booked in the gas delivery system and must be paid whether or not used.高峰负荷GAO FENG FU HEReducingthePeakLoadofthegastransportationandsupplysystembysupplyingsomegasfromsourcesatorclosetothepointofultimateconsumption,thusimprovingtheaverageLoadFactor.Peakshavingmaybedailyorseasonalandwillbehandledinavarietyofways:-Undergroundstorage,peakshavingLNGplants,LinePack,GasHolders, propane-air plant and, occasionally, special peak shaving supply contracts.调峰TIAO FENGOftenusedinterchangeablywithCondensatesorC5+butexcludingpropanesand凝析油（无丙烷及丁butanes.烷）NING XI YOUThemeasureoftheeasewithwhichliquidsorgasflowthroughareservoirrock.ComparethiswithPorosity.Gaswillflowmoreeasilythanoil,andsocanberecoveredfromrockswithlowerpermeability.PermeabilityismeasuredinDarcies.Gasreservoirsmay have permeabilities of only a few millidarcies.渗透率SHEN TOU LVAn intermediate chemical derived from petroleum, hydrocarbon liquids, or natural gas,such as ethylene, propylene, benzene, toluene, and xylene.化工产品HUA GONG CHAN PINThe general name for hydrocarbons, including crude oil, natural gas and NGLs. Thename is derived from the Greek word petros (rock) and the Latin word oleum (oil).石油SHI YOUEquipment used to clean or flush out liquids and other accumulated and unwanted itemsfrom the inside of an oil or gas pipeline. It is inserted into the pipeline and carried alongby the flow of oil or gas. An \"intelligent pig\" includes measuring and sensing equipmentwhich can be used to inspect a pipeline internally, which is useful after it has beenGUAN DAO QING XIburied underground.管道清洗器QIA tube for the transportation of crude oil or natural gas between two points, eitheroffshore or onshore.管道GUAN DAOThe amount of oil or gas that can be passed through a pipeline over a given period ofGUAN DAO RONGtime管道容量LIANGIn long term gas contracts the period for which the Annual Contract Quantity remainsflat. The Plateau will normally be preceded by a build up period, during which thevolumes increase and, in the case of a Depletion Contract will be followed by a period ofPleateaudecline until further production is no longer economically viableThe proportion of a rock volume (expressed as a percentage) that is occupied by thePorosityvoids between mineral grains. Compare this with permeabilityPossible ReservesSee: Proven ReservesA contract between a power station and the electricity purchasing organisation for thePower Purchase Agreement (PPA)sale of electricityThe gross amount of energy used, measured in the quantities of the original fuelproduced (e.g. crude oil) before conversion to other forms (e.g., refined petroleumproducts or electricity). Thus hydroelectric power and nuclear power are Primary, butPrimary Energypower from stations consuming fossil fuels is not.Probable ReservesSee: Proven ReservesAn agreement between an international producing company and a host government orslate oil company under which the international company acts as risk-taking contractorinvesting in exploration and/or production facilities in return for the right to export or sella quantity of gas or oil that may be produced from the concession or block. SometimesProduction Sharing Agreementknown as a Production Sharing Contract. The terms are interchangeable and the use of(PSA)one or the other depends on the country.Production Sharing Contract(PSC)An alternative name for a Production Sharing AgreementFrequently used to signify the gas received by a Contractor in a Production SharingAgreement to provide the profit in the operation. Normally the Contractor will receiveCost Gas to cover its costs and, after other minor provisions, the remaining gas will besplit with the host government in agreed proportions. In some countries Profit Gas isalso subject to income tax, in other jurisdictions the State Oil Company is assumed topay the income tax liability of the contractor. The proportion of profit gas is adjusteddepending on local practice. May be used to signify the totality of gas remaining afterCost Gas, Royalty and similar items, including therefore both the Government's and theProfit GasContractor's sharesAmethodoffinancinginwhichthelendermakesloansdirectlytoaprojectandmayclaimrepaymentonlyoutofthatproject.Intheory,thelenderhasnorecoursetotheprojectsponsor'sotherassets(non-recoursefinancing)butinpracticethisisrare.Morecommonlytheextentofthesponsor'sliabilityisstrictlydefined(limitedrecourseProject Financingfinancing).A member of the alkane (paraffin) group of hydrocarbons with three carbon atoms in itsmolecule C3HS' often abbreviated to C3 in non technical usage). A frequent componentof natural gas, also sold as a form of Bottled Gas atmospheric pressure. propanePropaneliquefies at -42°CThose quantities of petroleum which, by analysis of geological and engineering data,can be estimated with reasonable certainty to be commercially recoverable. from a givendate forward. from known reservoirs and under current economic conditions, operatingmethods, and government regulations. Proven (proved) reserves can be categorised asdeveloped or undeveloped. Where probabilistic methods have been used to estimatereserves, proven reserves are those with a better than 90% chance of beingeconomically recoverable. Sometimes abbreviated as P90. Reserves with a greater than50% chance but less than 90% chance are defined as Probable, or P50. Reserves with agreater than 10% chance but less than 50% chance are Possible or P1 O. Reserves maybe classified as proved, if facilities to process and transport them to market areoperational at the time of the estimate or there is a reasonable expectation that suchfacilities will be installed. \"Reasonable expectation\" is usually taken to mean that adeveloper has taken the decision to build the necessary facilities and the developmentProven Reservesplan has been approved by the relevant authorities. Thus large resources, such as thoseState commissions in the USA responsible for regulating gas, and other utilities thatPublic Utility Commission (PUC)operate within the boundaries of the state. See: regulation - economic稳产期多孔性可能储量购电协议WEN CHAN QIDUO KONG XINGKE NENG CHU LIANGGOU DIAN XIE YI一次能源控制储量YI CI NENG YUANKONG ZHI CHU LIANG生产分成协议生产分成合同SHENG CHAN FENCHENG XIE YISHENG CHAN FENCHENG HE TONG利润气LI RUN QI项目融资XIANG MU RONG ZI丙烷BING WAN探明储量公共事业委员会TAN MING CHU LIANGGONG GONG SHI YEWEI YUAN HUIRRamping RateTherateatwhichthelevelofproductioncanbeincreasedafterapartialorcompleteinterruption.North American term for the charges for the use of pipeline and storage capacity,referred to in other parts of the English speaking world as \"tariff\American definition of Tariff is more nearly equivalent to the UK Network CodeNaturalgasstillcontainingimpuritiesandunwantedsubstancessuchas:water,nitrogen,carbondioxide,hydrogensulphidegasandhelium.Beforethegasismarketed, these are removed to the extent required for sales gas specification. See also:Impurities, Natural Gas, TreatmentThe percentage of the gas or oil in place in the reservoir that can be economicallyrecovered. Gas recovery factors may be around 60-70% in reservoirs with water drivefrom an aquifer and up to 90% in depletion reservoirsSee: Liquefied Natural GasA system of third party access in which the pipeline operator's tariffs are controlled by an增长速度ZENG ZHANG SU DURates管输费GUAN SHU FEIRaw Natural Gas原始天然气YUAN SHI TIAN RANQIRecovery FactorRegasificationRegulated Access开采系数再气化控制准入KAI CAI XI SHUZAI QI HUAKONG ZHI ZHUN RURegulationRegulatorRenewable EnergyReserves/Production Ratio (R/PRatio)ReservoirReticulationRetrograde CondensateReverse FlowRich GasRoyaltyA substitute for free-market operation applied, typically, in gas industries, where all orpart of their operations are operated by institutional and/or natural monopolies (e.g.pipelines or storage). Provides a temporary or permanent counterweight to theeconomic power of the monopoly. This is often exercised politically via governmentdepartments. In many countries independent regulation is thought preferable. Can be\"economic\monitors the application of legal requirements imposed by government. Economicregulation of pipelines is most common where liberalisation involving the separation ofgas supply from pipeline services is being introduced. Pipelines may offer third partyaccess or pipeline transportation services only. Regulation may be either ex-ante - Lethe regulator imposes conditions on the pipeline company, by for example approving thetariffs that may be charged, or ex-post, in which thee regulator responds to complaintsconcerning the charges being levied. See also: Open Access, Common Carriage,Negotiated Access and Regulated Access.(1)Amechanicaldeviceforcontrollingthepressureofgaswithinacceptablelimits.Typicallyinstalledwhengasentersalowpressuredistributionsystemforfinalusebysmallcustomers,(2)Thepersonorbodyappointedtooverseetheoperationoftheregulated parts of the gas industry. See: RegulationAn energy form, the supply of which is partly or wholly regenerated in the course of theannual solar cycle. Thus solar and wind energy, hydro power, and fuels of vegetableorigin are regarded as renewable; mineral fuels and nuclear power are not.Thenumberofyearsthecurrentprovenreserveswouldlastatcurrentproductionlevels.Derivedbydividingreservesbytheproductionrate.Canbemisleadinglyusedtoimplythat gas reserves will only last for 'x\" years.Anaccumulationofoiland/orgasinapermeableandporousrocksuchassandstone.Apetroleumreservoirnormallycontainsthreefluids(oil,gasandwater),whichseparateintodistinctsections,owingtotheirvaryingspecificgravities.Gasoccupiestheupperpartofthereservoirasitisthelightest,oilthemiddlesection,whilewateroccupiesthelowersection.Seealso:Permeability.Porosity,GasCap,Aquifer.SolutionGas,ProvenReservesSmall diameter low pressure gas systems serving residential and commercialcustomers (from the Latin word Reta, meaning net). See also: Distribution.Agascondensatewhich,inthereservoir,isclosetothedewpointofthefluid.Asmallreductioninpressure,byproductionofthefield,leadstothecondensationofhigherhydrocarbons in the reservoir, causing a lower recovery factor.See: BackhaulingGas with relatively large quantities of heavier fraction in its composition (typically up toabout 15%) and thus of high calorific value. Also known as Wet Gas. The converse ofLean Gas. See also: Natural Gas Liquids, CondensatesAtaxonproductionvolumes,oftenpaidinkind,whichisleviedasapercentageofproduction.Itisthereforenotrelatedtotheprofitabilityoftheproductionproject,merelyto the volume of gas (or oil) produced.A regulatory formula by which a regulated monopoly is allowed to raise its prices eachyear by the retail price index (RPI) minus a defined amount or percentage x (x is avariable). Used in price setting formulae in the UK & Argentina. Gives consumers fallingreal prices and forces the utility to reduce Costs if it is to maintain its level of profitability.监管/调节JIAN GUAN /TIAO JIE监管者或调节器JIAN GUAN ZHE/TIAOJIE QIKE ZAI SHENG NENGYUAN可再生能源储产比CHU CHAN BI油气藏管网YOU QI CANGGUAN WANG反缩合逆流FAN SUO HENI LIU富气FU QI矿费KUANG FEIRPI:X零售价格指数：XLING SHOU JIA GEZHI SHU:XSSales GasRaw gas, after processing to remove LPG, condensate and carbon dioxide. Sales gasusually consists mainly of methane and ethane and is odorised.销售气XIAO SHOU QIThe storage of gas in caverns leached out in gas-tight salt strata. Such caverns may begenerated during the recovery of salt for commercial purposes, or may be purpose-builtfor gas storage.盐穴储存YAN XUE CHU CUNThe process of purifying a gas or liquid by washing it with suitable chemicals in acontact vessel.净化JING HUAThe layer of rock overlying a gas field which prevents the gas escaping from thereservoir. It is therefore of low permeability. Salt and fine clays can provide good seals.密封岩MI FENG YANThe average (or normal) result for the time of year. Thus Seasonal Normal TemperatureJI JIE PIN JUN (or(SNT) is the average temperature on a calendar day, where the average has been季节平均 (or 正常ZHENG CHANG JI JIEmeasured over a suitably long period. likewise Seasonal Normal Demand.季节温度)WEN DU)A technique for establishing the presence of underground geological strata using soundwaves. There are two main techniques - reflection or refraction. In the oil and gasindustry by far the most common is reflection. In a reflection survey sound waves aresent into the ground and the echoes from boundaries between rock with differentproperties of density and sound velocity are recorded. The sound waves recorded at thesurface can then be used to create maps of the rock layers in the subsurface to reducethe risk of drilling dry holes. A reflection seismic survey may be either 20, in which thereflections are recorded along a line or 3D, in which the lines are very closely spaced todeliver a three dimensional view of the subsurface. A refraction seismic survey is adifferent technology in which the sound waves are refracted along rock boundariesrather than reflected from them.地震波检测DI ZHEN BO JIAN CEThe quantity of gas delivered by a plant or system during a specified period of time.输出量SHU CHU LIANGApartynegotiatingforthetransportofgasonitsownbehalforasanagentforanother.(IntheUKshippersmayormaynotbesuppliers.DoesnotincludeTranscowhichactsonly as a provider of transportation capacity).运输方YUN SHU FANGPlantinstalledinagaspipelinesystemorgasprocessingplanttocatch\"slugs\"ofliquid.Usuallythistakestheformofalongsectionofpipe,insidewhichthepressureisallowedCAN LIU WU CHU LIto drop by a controlled amount. See also: PIG残留物处理厂CHANGSalt Cavity StorageScrubbingSealSeasonal Normal TemperatureSeismic SurveySend-OutShipperSlug CatcherSolution GasSour GasSpark SpreadSpecific GravitySpot TradingStanding ChargeStorage FacilitiesAssociatedGaswhich,unlikeCapGasisdissolvedintheoil.Producedinevitablywiththeoilandseparatedfromitatthewellhead.SolutionGasproductionisthusafunctionofoilproductionandoftheGas/OilRatio,whichchangesoverthelifeofthefield.Itisthereforeanunreliablegassupplyanddifficulttomarket,unlessbuyerorsellerhaslargealternativesources.Hasinthepastlargelybeenflaredorventedbutthisisbecominglessacceptable,largelyforenvironmentalreasons,althoughisstillnotuncommoninremoterareas.Separationisoftencarriedoutintwoorthreestagestomaintainthegaspressureforpipeliningasfaraspossible.Gasfromthefinalstageseparatorisatlowpressureandisnormallyusedinthefieldorontheplatformduringproduction.Thegasmaybere-injectedintothereservoirifitwillnotbreakthroughintothe oil wells.溶解气RONG JIE QIGascontainingahighlevelofcarbonDioxideorHydrogenSulphide,whicharecorrosiveinthepresenceofwater.Theymaythereforerequiredryingorremovaltopreserve the pipeline. The converse of Sweet Gas.酸气 （含硫气）SUAN QIThesparkspreadrepresentsthedifferencebetweenthecostoffuelandthepriceofelectricpowerproduced.Apositivespreadindicatedthatthepriceofthepowerishigherthanthatofthefuel,andthespreadisprofitable.ThespreadcanbecalculatedRAN LIAO CHENGfor any input fuel, such as natural gas, coal, or heating oil燃料成本与电价差BEN YU DIAN JIA CHATheratioofthedensityofgastothatofair,ortheratioofthedensityofaliquidtothatofwater, in both cases at the same temperature and pressure.比重BI ZHONGAloosetermcoveringthebuyingandsellingofgasotherthanunderalongtermcontract. Generally in trading parlance \"spot delivery\" means immediate delivery.现货贸易XIAN HUO MAO YITarifftermforafixedcharge,typicallyperquarterorperyear,irrespectiveoftheamountofgasactuallytaken.SynonymouswithConnectionChargebuttobedistinguishedfromDemand Charge.固定收费GU DING SHOU FEIFor natural gas these fall into several categories. Seasonal storage comprises depletedgas fields: aquifers; salt caverns; mined caverns; and disused mines. Peak storageincludes Gas Holders, Line Pack. or lengths of pipeline buried specifically for storageuse. LNG storage tanks exist for either base-load or peak-shaving duties, depending onthe market.储存设施CHU CUN SHE SHIA gas processing plant that \"straddles\" a gas transportation pipeline to remove NGLsfrom the gas stream. Because it is often more economic to transport rich gas a straddleplant is required to process the plant to final sales specification. The alternative locationof a gas processing plant is close to the producing field. NGLs are then transported asliquids away from the field area either by separate pipeline or other means.A contract whereby the seller undertakes to supply gas in guaranteed volumes over afixed period of time. A Supply Contract is therefore in sharp contrast to a DepletionContract as the seller assumes the volume risks. Whilst certain fields may be envisagedin the contract, the seller will normally have the right to substitute other suitable gas ifnecessary.(1) An arrangement under which gas destined for a market is delivered elsewhere, andsubstitute gas is supplied to the final market. For instance, Nigerian LNG contracted toItaly is delivered to France, and other gas contracted to France is delivered to Italy. (2) Intrading, the exchange of a fixed price for a floating price for a future delivery.Gas containing little or no Carbon Dioxide or Hydrogen Sulphide. Converse of Sour GasThe inverse of Load Factor, defined as: Peak volume transported (sold) I Averagevolume transported (sold) Expressed as a percentage. Thus a load factor of 60% is aswing of 167%.See: Synthesis Gas.Motor gasoline produced from coal (by the Fischer Tropsch process) or from natural gas(by the Fischer Tropsch process or via methanol). See also: Middle Distillate Synthesis.A mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen produced from methane or otherhydrocarbons and steam and used to produce various chemicals, notably methanol. It isalso the basis for the Fischer Tropsch process. See also: Middle Distillate Synthesis.Straddle Plant截流厂JIE LIU CHANGSupply Contract供应合同GONG YING HE TONGSwapsSweet Gas置换/兑冲低硫气ZHI HUAN/DUICHONGDI LIU QISwingSyngas合成气HE CHENG QISyntetic Gasoline合成汽油HE CHENG QI YOUSynthesis Gas (SynGas)合成气HE CHENG QITAcommonprovisioningascontractsunderwhich,theBuyer'sannualpurchasedvolumeislessthantheAnnualContractQuantityminusanyshortfal1intheSel1er'sdeliveries,minusanyDownwardQuantityTolerance,thentheBuyerpaysforsuchshortfallasifthegashadbeenreceived,TheBuyermayhavetherightinsubsequentyearstotakethegaspaidforbutnotreceived,eitherfreeorforanamounttoreflectchanges in indexed prices. See also: Make Up Gas.Ascheduleofratesorchargesofferedbyacommoncarrierorutility.Pipelinetariffsarethechargesmadebypipelinesfortransportingnaturalgasfromanorigintoadestination.A technique used in the gas industry for recording information at a distance from theMeter or other recording device, typically by radio transmission of the data.The process of adjusting actual gas usage to what it would have been at SeasonalNormal Temperatures, to allow comparisons to be made between results for differenttime periods, typically years.The statistical analysis of the causal relationships between weather (and other) factorsand the demand for gas. An essential prelude to forecasting demand.See: Common CarriageThepointatwhichownershipofgasistransferredfromthesellertothebuyer.Typicallythismaybesomewherebetweenthewellheadandentryintothetransmissionline,atnationalbordercrossings,attheCityGateetc.Intheworldoftradedgas,possiblepointsoftransferbecomemorenumerous.AspecialcaseisthetransferofLNGatsomespecified point on the high seas, See: Cost. Insurance and freightAn alternative name, now obsolete, for Combined Heat and PowerProduction + Imports - Exports + Stock ChangesManufactured Gas piped to consumers from a gas plant.Take or Pay照付不议ZHAO FU BU YITariffTelemetry设施费遥感勘测SHE SHI FEIYAO GAN KAN CETemperature CorrectionTemperature/Demand AnalysisThird Party Access (TPA)温度校正温度/需求分析第三方准入WEN DU JIAO ZHENGWEN DU/XU QIU FENXIDI SAN FANG ZHUNRUTitle TransferTotal EnergyTotal Primary Energy Supply(TPES)Town GasYI ZHURE DIAN LIAN CHANYI CI NENG YUAN一次能源总体供应ZONG TI GONG YING城市燃气CHENG SHI RAN QI易主热电联产Trading VolumeTrainTransitTransportionTransprotion CompanyTransportion PipelinetransducerTransparencyTransporterTrapTreatmentThe number of contracts that change hands during a specified period of time. See also:ChurningSee: Liquefied Natural GasThe transportation of gas through a country or gas system en route to the final customer.For example, Russian gas may transit through Ukraine en route to customers in westernEurope.The transportation of large quantities of gas at high pressures, often through national orregional transmission systems. The gas is then transferred into local distributionsystems for supply to customers at lower pressures.Company that transports gas for resale on its own behalf or transports gas for others.Also known as a pipeline company.A network of pipelines distributing natural gas from a gas processing plant viacompressor stations, to storage centres or distribution points.an electrical device that converts one form of energy into another.A general term meaning open publication of information. In the gas industry it isgenerally used in relation to costs, prices and capacity, where information hastraditionally been considered commercially confidential. Costs and prices generallyreflect a number of elements, such as production, transportation, storage, service.Transparency generally involves separating out or unbundling these elements, usuallyas a result of regulatory requirements. A further step towards transparency involves thepublication of the methodology used to calculate the different elements of costs andprices.A gas pipeline company transporting gas belonging to other companies. Also theoperator of LNG vessels.An arrangement of reservoir and seal rocks that can confine gas (or oil) which are lighterthan water normally contained in the reservoir rock. Structural traps are formed by aclosed structure of reservoir rock overlain by a sealing formation (the seal). May also beformed by stratigraphic changes within a reservoir rock in which case it is known as astratigraphic trap.Generally any process of gas purification, but most generally applied to the treatment ofgas immediately after production, to bring it to acceptable standard for the market inquestion and! or to extract valuable components for separate sale. This may involve theremoval of LPGs and will certainly involve stripping out Condensates, Carbon Dioxideand Hydrogen Sulphide and other sulphur compounds (see also: Acid Gas) mercuryand excessive water which may be in the raw gas. Other impurities are occasionallyencountered. Whether other inert gases such as nitrogen, helium etc are extracted willbe a matter for economic evaluation.合同交易量生产线HE TONG JIAO YILIANGSHENG CHAN XIAN转运ZHUAN YUN运输运输公司运输管线传感器;变频器YUN SHUYUN SHU GONG SIYUN SHU GUAN XIAN透明度运输方TOU MING DUYUN SHU FANG圈闭QUAN BI处理CHU LICHAO SHENG BO JILIANG QIUUltra-sound MeterSee: MeterAwordwithmultiplemeaningsforthegasindustrybutmoreaccurately.andoriginally,usedtodenotetheseparationofdifferentservicesandthechargesassociatedwiththem.OriginallyusedintheUSinthetelephoneindustryrestructuring,itwasadoptedinthegasindustrytodenotetheseparationofgassalesfromtransportationandstorageservices.Thisisstillthemostusualmeaningoftheterm,particularlyinNorthAmerica,wherelargecustomersarenowfreetopurchasegasandservicesseparately.HowevertheEuropeanCommissionusesthetermUnbundlingtomeanthefinancialdisaggregationofdifferentfunctionswithinintegratedcompanies,suchastransmissionandmarketing.Wherecompaniesperformmultiplefunctions,theCommissionhassoughttorequireseparateaccountingforthefunctions.ItsaimisthereforemuchmorerelatedtowardsTransparencyandeliminatingthepotentialforanti-competitivecrossUnbundlingsubsidisation activities.Thestorageofgas,forstrategicorpeakshavingreasons,inundergroundreservoirs.Depletedgasfieldsareoftensuitable.Otherpossibilitiesincludedepletedoilfields,aquifersandleachedSaltCaverns.InthecontextofLNG,undergroundstoragereferstonormalLNGstoragetankswhichare,however,buriedtoprovidegreatersafetyintheUnderground Storageevent of leakages.United Kingdom Continental ShelfThat part of the Exclusive Economic Zone offshore the United Kingdom is known as the(UKCS)UKCS.When a gas field extends over two or more production licenses or leases with differentownership. most countries require that the field owners \"unitise\" their holdings i.e.:decide how the reserves and production of the total field will be shared by eachlicensee, thus enabling the efficient depletion of the reserves. The Unitisation Agreementnormally provides for the appointment of a field operator, a method of determining thereserves underlying each license or lease and the frequency of reserve re-determination.Upstream, Midstream and Downstream are imprecisely defined terms used to separateactivities along the gas and oil chain into homogenous groups. Upstream typically refersto exploration, development & production of oil & gas. Sometimes also defined toembrace Midstream, which typically covers transmission (as opposed to distribution)LNG shipping etc. Downstream typically refers to activities associated with delivery tofinal consumers, such as distribution systems and connections to customer premises.超声波计量器解绑JIE BANG地下储库英国大陆架DI XIA CHU KUYING GUO DA LU JIAUnitisation Agreement整体开发协议ZHENG TI KAI FA XIEYIUpstreamValley Gasvoltage上游谷气电压SHANG YOUGU QIVInterruptible Gas supplied during the slack months, usually summer.The market's price range and movement within that range. Historic volatility indicateshow much prices have changed in the past and is derived by using daily settlementprices for futures.Volatility波动范围BO DONG FAN WEIWInaporousrock,asgasiswithdrawnfromthereservoir.waterexpandsintotheregionformerlyoccupiedbythegasaspressureisreleased.Thisoftenhastheresultoftrappingvolumesofgassothattheycannotbeproduced,thusreducingtherecoveryofgas. Not a problem with depletion drive. See: AquiferWater Drive水压驱动SHUI YA QU DONGWater GaugeWayleaveWellWet GasWheelingWobbe IndexWorking GasAmeasureoftenusedtoexpressthepressureofgasindistributionsystems,usingwaterinsteadofmercury.Thegaugerecordshowfarupagradatedtubegaswillliftacolumnofwater.Distributionsystemsnormallyoperateatabout300mm(12inches)watergauge(Le.300mmaboveatmosphericpressure).Forcomparison,atmosphericpressure is a little above 10 metres of water. See also: Gauge Pressure.The strip of land around a gas pipeline or other utility to which the utility has right ofaccess for building and maintenance.A hole drilled into the ground, mostly by rotary rigs. in which a drill bit, which actuallycuts the rock, is turned on the end of a drill string, made up of lengths of hollow steelpipe which are added to the string as the bit drills deeper into the ground. Wells havevarious descriptions depending on the stage of the production process at which they aredrilled. Exploration wells are drilled to discover if gas (or oil) can be found; Evaluation orappraisal wells are drilled to obtain more information about a previous discovery;Development wells are drilled to produce gas from a field which is being developed, andare called Producing wells when the field enters commercial productionNatural gas containing condensable hydrocarbons. A synonym for Rich Gas.Physically redirecting gas from one pipeline system to another at a hub as opposed tochanging the title by swap arrangements.Occasionally referred to as the Wobbe number. A measure of the rate at which gas willdeliver heat on combustion and hence of the compatibility of a gas with gas burningequipment. It is calculated as: Gross Calorific Value I Specific Gravity (air =1)Inastoragefacility,thetotalvolumeofgaspresentlesscushiongasinotherwordsthegasavailablefornormalworking.Henceworkinggascapacity-thetotalcapacityofastorage facility minus cushion gas.水压表设施周边SHUI YA BIAOSHE SHI ZHOU BIAN油气井湿气导气YOU QI JINGSHI QIDAO QI沃贝指数WO BEI ZHI SHU工作气GONG ZUO QI
