【关系】高中英语基础知识提升训练

【关键字】关系

17. I can’t open the door. I __________ (lose) my key. I _________ (lose) it while I __________ (be )

高中英语基础知识提升复习训练

第一部分 动词时态和语态

一、动词时态练习：用所给动词的适当形式填空。

1. Look! It ______ (rain) hard. It seldom ______(rain) during this month of a year.

2. He __________ (break) his leg when he _________ (play) in a football match against another school. 3. I don’t know when Suzan ______ (return) , but when she ______ (return) , I _____ (let) you know. 4. We ______ (send) for a doctor if you _________ (be not) better this afternoon.

5.She felt happy, for she _______ (be given) a gold medal for what she ________ (do) for the country. 6. The fireman _______ (go) towards the fire, which ______ still ______ (smoke) then .

7. While my father ____ (look) through the evening paper, he suddenly _____ (let) out a cry of surprise. 8. My uncle ________ (come) to see us. He __________ (arrive) here a few days ago. He ___________ (leave) for Sydney tomorrow morning.

9. When I _____ (enter) the room, he ____ (not see) me. For he ____ (read) something with great interest.

10.We found the task ___________ (be) much harder than we ___________ (expect) .

11. My sister________ (learn) English since she _________ (be) a child. She ________ (speak)English very fluently(流畅) now.

12. --- I am sorry I ______ (keep) you waiting so long. --- It is all right. I _____ (read) the newspapers.

13. They promised that they ____ (bring) us all the necessary books as soon as they ____ (have) a chance.

14. --- I can’t find my glasses. ______ you ____________ (see) them? --- Yes. You _______ (leave) them in the car yesterday.

15. Please wake me up if I ______ still _______ (sleep) when you _______ (come) home. 16. --- I _________ (not see ) you for ages! Where ______ you _____ (be) --- I ___________ (be) to Scotland.

out.

18. CCTV _________ (broadcast) English programs ever since 1977. 二、动词语态练习：用所给动词的适当形式填空。

1.learn: a. Paul doesn’t have to be made _______ anything, he always works hard.

b. You don’t have to make Paul _______ anything, he always works hard.

2. do: a. What will you ___________ next?

b. What will ____________ by you next?

3. say: a. She ____________ that Mike was ill in bed.

b. It ____________ that Mike is ill in bed. c. Mike _____________ to be ill in bed.

4. hold: a. They will ____________ the parents-meeting next Monday.

b. The parents-meeting will ____________ next Monday.

5. discuss: a. They ____________ the questions from 5 to 6 yesterday afternoon.

b. The questions ______________ from 5 to 6 yesterday afternoon.

6. put off: a. We had better not _______________ the sports meeting.

b. The sports meeting had better not ________________ .

7. cross: a. I noticed an old lady ___________ the street just now.

b. An old lady was noticed ______________ the street just now.

8. repair: a.We are to _______________ the machine this afternoon.

b. The machine is to ________________ this afternoon.

第二部分 非谓语动词

在英语句子中，“非谓语动词”即是不充当谓语的动词或动词短语。非谓语动词

主要有：动词大概式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词。另外，还有主格结构。

一、动词大概式：

1、动词大概式（动词大概式短语）的功能：

动词大概式可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语。如： It’s great to see you all here again. (动词大概式短语作主语，此处it是形式主语)

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To complete the tall building in one year was quite a difficult task. (动词大概式作主语) He want to go shopping. (动词大概式短语作宾语)

My mother hates to move from place to place. (动词大概式短语作宾语)

My hope is to receive your letters. (动词不定式短语作表语)

The purpose of the organization is to greet all new comers to the city. (动词不定式作表语) I am looking for a room to live in.(动词不定式作定语，限定room的范围) He went to go shopping.(动词不定式作目的状语，表示went的目的) He asked you to call him at ten o’clock.(动词不定式作宾补)

2、动词不定式的时态和语态运用： （1）一般式：to do (主动式）；to be done(被动式）

I have many clothes to wash.（不定式to wash作定语，用主动式，因为其主语是人） Many clothes are to be washed.（不定式to be washed作表语，用被动式，因为主语是物） There are many clothes to be washed.（不定式to be washed作定语，用被动式，主语是物）

（2）进行式：to be doing

Today we have chat rooms(网聊室), text messaging(手机短信), e-mailing…, but we seem to be losing the art of communicating face-to-face. （不定式的进行式，作seem的表语） （3）完成式：to have done（主动式）；to have been done（被动式）

The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Liu Xiang, who was reported to have broken the world record in the 110-meter hurdle race. （主动完成式，作who的补足语）

The world record in the 110-meter hurdle race was reported to have been broken by Liu Xiang.（被动完成式，作The world record的补足语）

二、动词-ing形式（动名词和现在分词）： 1、动名词的作用：

Dancing is my favorite. （动名词作主语）

It’s no use crying over the spilt milk. （动名词短语作主语，It 是形式主语） Have you finished writing your letter? （动名词短语作宾语） My job is learning English. （动名词短语作表语）

This company has a swimming pool.(动名词作定语，限定pool的范围) We are interested in learning English. （作in的宾语，一般主动式）

She came to my wedding without being invited. （作介词without的宾语，一般被动式） I don’t remember having borrowed money from you.(作remember的宾语，完成主动式)

Mary forgets having being taken to Beijing when she was very young. （作forgets的宾语，

完成被动式）

Do you mind my opening the door?(动名词的复合结构作宾语: 物主代词/名词所有格+动名词) I remember Tom’s playing with them that day.(动名词的复合结构作宾语，同上)

有些动词后面常常接“动名词”，不接动词不定式，如：She enjoys reading. 这些动词可以归纳为：“keep, delay(延误), imagine(想象) + mecarfeps”。

“mecarfeps”的读音是“霉咖啡不吃”，它包含这些动词：mind(介意), enjoy, can’t help, avoid/appreciate, risk, finish, excape, practice, suggest(建议)/stand(忍受) I appreciate your making effort to come.你能尽力赶来，我很感激。（your making是动名词复合

结构作appreciate的宾语）

Dave escaped being drowned. Dave逃脱了，没有被淹死。（being drowned作宾语） We should delay holding the sporting meeting. 我们应该延迟举办运动会。（holding the

sporting meeting作delay的宾语）

有些动词后面接不定式和动名词时，意义不一样。

(1) forget, remember, stop, regret这几个个动词后面接不定式表示还没有做某事，接动名词表示已经做了某事：

Don’t forget to bring your homework tomorrow.不要忘了，明天把作业带来。

I forget borrowing a book from the library last week, so I borrow another one. 我忘记了上周在图书馆借了一本书，于是又借了一本。

(2) go on doing 继续做同一件事情；go on to do接下来做另一件事情

(3) try doing sth. 试着做某事；try to do尽量做某事；manage to do做成了某事 2、现在分词的作用（现在分词有主动或进行之意）：

The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.(作定语，限定man的范围表,进行) The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. (被动式，作定语，限定film的范围,表进行) The film being shown in the cinema is exciting.(作表语，表示film的特点，有主动之意) The present situation is inspiring.当前的形势鼓舞人心。(作表语，有主动之意) Can you hear her singing the song in the next room?(作宾补，补充her的动作,有主动之意) He kept the car waiting at the gate.他让小汽车在门口等着。(作宾补，补充car的动作) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.在工厂工作时，他是一名先进工人。(作时间状语可以改为：When he worked in the factory, he was an advanced worker.) He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里，又擦又洗。(作方式/伴随状语)

(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. 要是整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间。(作条件状语，可以改为If you play all day, you will waste your valuable time.)

He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces.他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎(作结果状语) Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 虽然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。(作

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让步状语，该句= Though it rained heavily, it cleared up very soon.)

Seeing from the top of the hill, they found the town beautiful.（作时间状语，有主动之意）

3、现在分词的时态和语态：

Singing and dancing happily, they entered the classroom. （一般主动式，作伴随状语） Being asked to answer a difficult question, she didn’t know what to say.（一般被动式，作原

因或时间状语）

=When/As she was asked to answer a difficult question, she didn’t know what to say.

Not having heard from my parents, I wrote a letter again.(完成主动式，否定式，原因状语） =As I hadn’t heard from my paraents, I wrote a letter again.

Having been given a third chance, I must value it. （完成被动式，原因状语） =Because I have been given a third chance, I must value it.

三、过去分词（过去分词有被动或完成之意）：

1、过去分词的作用：过去分词和它后面的附带成分一起叫过去分词短语，作定语、表语、宾补、状语。

There are many fallen leaves on the ground. （作定语，限定leaves的范围） She looked puzzled. （作表语，表达she的表情）

She found her money stolen. （作宾补，补充宾语her money的状况）

Heated, water can change into steam. （作条件状语，可以改为If it is heated）

2、过去分词的时态和语态：过去分词表示动作已经完成，只有一般式。 I found the door opened. （作宾补，补充宾语the door的状态，有被动之意） Inspired by what he said, I determined to work harder. （作原因状语，有被动之意） ．．．．．．．．= As I was inspired by what he said, I determined to work harder.

Seen from the top of the hill, the town looks beautiful.（作时间或条件状语，有被动之意） = When/If it is seen from the top of the hill, the town looks beautiful.

四、分词的结构作状语：

如果分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致，可采用分词结构作状语。 There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。(原因状语) =As/Because there were no taxis, we had to walk.（从句和主句的主语不一致)

Winter coming, it gets colder and colder. 冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。(原因状语) =As Winter has come, it gets colder and colder.(从句和主句的主语不一致)

Class being over, the children went home.下课了，学生们回家去。(原因/时间状语) =After/As the class was over, the children went home. (从句和主句的主语不一致) Nobody being in the room, I didn't go in.由于房间里没有人，我没有进去。(原因状语)

=As nobody was in the room, I didn’t go in. (从句和主句的主语不一致)

Weather permitting, we'll start tomorrow.如果天气允许，我们明天动身。(条件状语) =If the weather permits, we'll start tomorrow. (从句和主句的主语不一致)

He went to the front door, his son following him.他走向前门，他的儿子跟在后面。(伴随状语) Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。（时间状语） =After her work had been done, she sat down for a cup of tea. (从句和主句的主语不一致) More money given, we will send more employees to the mother company to get trained.（条

件状语，句中“money”和“give”是动宾关系，因此用过去分词）

=If more money is given, we will send more employees to the mother company to get trained.（如果多有些资金的话，我们将把更多的员工送到总公司去培训）

有时现在分词成分一般已形成固定结构，表示说话人对说话内容所持的态度或看问题的态度，如：

Generally speaking, we don't agree with you.一般说来，我们不同意你的看法。

Considering his age, the child reads quite well.鉴于他的年龄，这个孩子读得相当好。 Judging from what you say, he ought to succeed.根据你所说的来看，他应当成功。

五、with复合结构： with复合结构的形式是“with+名词+分词”，在句子中也是作状语。 With the computer broken, Mr. Green couldn’t work. （原因状语） He went into the cave with the candle burning. （方式/伴随状语） They fell asleep with the door open. （方式/伴随状语）

六、如果谓语动词和现在分词的动作完全同时发生，常常用“when/while+现在分词”形式，此时它不是结构，而是“连词+现在分词”作时间状语，即省去“主语+be”如：

Be careful when/while crossing the street.

非谓语动词练习一、用所给动词的恰当形式填空：

1.see (1) _________ from the top of a hill, our town looks beautiful. (2) _________ the dog came over, little Jack ran away.

(3) _________ from the top of a hill, and you’ll find the city more beautiful. (4) _________ more clearly, they came up and got close to it. 2. examine (1) Tom said to the doctor, “I don’t want __________ .”

(2) Tom said to the doctor, “I don’t want you ___________ me.” 3. repair (1) I’ll have my brother _________ my computer tomorrow. (2) I’ll have my computer ___________ tomorrow.

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4. knock (1) We were watching TV when we heard the door ___________ .

(2) We were watching TV when we heard someone __________ at the door. 5. do (1) After a shot rest, we went on __________ the experiment.

(2) After we had the meeting, we went on ___________ the experiment. 6. hear (1) The teacher spoke loudly so as to make himself __________ . (2) _________ the bad news, the girl cried with sadness.

7. understand (1) He explained again and again to make himself ____________ . (2) I’m sorry I can’t make you ___________ me.

8. send (1) The young man asked the government __________ him to work in Xinjiang. (2) The young man asked ____________ to work in Xingjiang. 9. hold (1) The organizers expected the meeting _________ next week. (2) The organizers expected __________ the meeting next week. 10. invite (1) He went to a party without __________ .

(2) He went to a party alone without ___________ anyone else. 11. follow (1) ___________ by some children, we entered the canteen. (2) ____________ our teacher, we entered the meeting room.

(3) ____________ the guide, and we’ll enter the park easily.

12. make (1) The teacher asked us angrily whether we were used to ______ noise in class. (2) My friend Jim asked me whether I used to _________ noise in class. (3) Wood is still used to _________ fire in some villages. 13. talk (1) Class has begun, stop _________ with each other. (2) When I meet him, I often stop __________ with him. 14. cross (1) Do you notice the boy _________ the street now?

(2) Did you notice the boy __________ the street just now?

15. discuss (1) The question _________ now at the meeting is very important. (2) The question _________ at the meeting last week is very important. (3) The question _________ at the meeting next week is very important. 16. follow (1) The professor went out, ___________ by some students. (2) He came in, with two little dogs ___________ . 17. heat (1) When __________ , ice will change into water.

(2) When we _________ the ice, it will change into water. 18. carry (1) The old man made a wooden basin __________ water. (2) He made the boy __________ the water with a basin.

19. give up (1) What about ________________ smoking? (2) He has made up his mind __________ smoking.

20. invite (1) She was the only girl _________ to go to the party last week. (2) Some of the girls __________ to go to the party next weekend. 非谓语动词练习二、高考2015年高考题选讲。 1.【2015·湖南】30.When the clerk saw a kind face wrinkled(皱纹，起皱纹) in an apologetic smile, she stood rooted to the ground, ________ whether to stay or leave.

A. wondering B. wonder C．to wonder D．wondered 2.【2015·北京】21._____the early flight,we ordered a taxi in advance and got up very early.

A.Catching. B.Caught. C.To catch. D.Catch 3.【2015·北京】23.The park was full of people,____themselves in the sunshine.

A.having enjoyed B.enjoyed C.enjoying D.to enjoy 4.【2015·北京】31.If ___for the job, you’ll be informed soon.

A .to accept B. accept C. accepting D. accepted 5.【2015·重庆】6. ____ in the poorest area of Glasgow, he had a long, hard road to becoming a football star.

A. Being raised B. Raising C. Raised D. To raise 6.【2015·重庆】11. Like ancient sailors, birds can find their way____ the sun and the stars.

A. used B. having used C. using D. use 7.【2015·浙江】18. Listening to music at home is one thing, going to hear it__________ live is quite another.

A. perform B. performing C. to perform D. being performed 8.【2015·天津】8. ______ for two days, Steve managed to finish his report on schedule. A. To work B. Worked C. To be working D. Having worked 9.【2015·天津】5. ______in painting, John didn’t notice evening approaching. A. To absorb B. To be absorbed C. Absorbed D. Absorbing 10.【2015·陕西】17. After receiving the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress, Anne Benedict went on ________ all the people who had helped in her career.

A. to thank B. thanking C. having thanked D. to have thanked 11.【2015·陕西】18. Back from his two-year medical service in Africa, Dr. Lee was very happy to see his mother __________ good care of at home.

A. taking B. taken C. take D. be taken 12.【2015·福建】28._________ more about Chinese culture, Jack has decided to take Chinese folk music as an elective course.

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A. Learn B. Learned C. To learn D. To be learning 13.【2015·福建】33.In recent years an English word \"infosphere\" has appeared, _______the sense of “information” and \" atmosphere\".

A. combine B. combined C. combining D. being combined 14.【2015·江苏】24.Much time _____ sitting at a desk, office workers are generally troubled by health problems.

A. being spent B. having spent C. spent D. spending 15.【2015·安徽】27.______ the difference between the two research findings will be one of the worst mistakes you make.

A. Ignore B. Ignoring C. Ignored D. Having ignored 16.【2015·湖南】34.Sometimes I act as a listening ear for fellow students ________ what is bothering them.

A. to talk over B. talked over C．talk over D．having talked over

非谓语动词练习二、“高考2015年高考题选讲”解析：

1. A.考查非谓语动词。主句的主语she与动词wonder构成逻辑上的主动关系，因此用v.-ing形式作伴随状语，故选A。句意：当那个小职员看到一张善良的面孔泛起皱纹并歉意地一笑时，她像生了根一样站在那儿，不知道是走还是留。

2. C.句意：为了赶上早班的飞机，我们提前叫了出租车并且起得很早。这里逻辑主语是we，不定式作目的状语，表示提前叫出租车并且早起的目的。

3. C 考查非谓语动词，这里是现在分词作伴随或方式状语。此类题需要先判断逻辑主语和非谓语动词是主动关系还是被动关系，然后看非谓语动词的动作与谓语动词动作发生的先后顺序。

4.D.句意：如果录用你了，我们将很快通知你。本句条件状语从句中省略了主语you，与accept构成被动关系，用过去分词accepted。 本题暗含了状语从句的省略和非谓语动词的用法两个知识点，并牢记现在分词表主动或进行，过去分词表被动或完成，不定式表将要执行的动作的原则。做好此类题需要牢记句子中省略，还有主语和动词之间的关系。

5. C.句意：他在格拉斯哥最穷的地方长大，要想成为足球明星还有很长的路要走。根据句意可知raise这个动词的主语是he，他在这个地方长大，两者之间是主谓关系.

从选项看，不定式表示目的和将来；动词的ing形式表示主动和进行；过去分词表示被动和完成。从句子结构判断，两个句子是否共用一个主语，主语与第一个动词之间是主谓关系还是动宾关系，再者还要注意判断时间关系，从而得出答案来。

6. C 句意:象古代的水手，鸟能利用太阳和星辰来找到他们的路。Using是伴随状语或方式。 7. D.句意：在家里面听音乐是一回事，去到现场听又是另一回事。hear sb/sth doing 表听到某

人某物做某事。由于音乐是被演奏的，所以需要被动形式，所以选D。A是动词原形，B是非谓语现在分词形式，C是非谓语的不定式，D是非谓语的现在分词被动形式。

8. D。句意：工作了两天，Steve成功的按时完成了他的报告。句中的逻辑主语为Steve，与work之间为主动关系，故用现在分词，这里用having worked，表示动作的完成形式。

9. C。句意：全神贯注于绘画中，约翰没有注意到晚上到了。短语be absorbed in全神贯注于，在句中作状语，与主语呈被动关系，故选C。

10. A.句意：在获得奥斯卡最佳女配角后，Anne Benedict继续感谢所有帮助她演绎生涯的人。go on to do继续做不同的事情，go on doing“继续做相同的事情”的区别。

11. B.句意：在非洲医疗援助两年回来后，Dr. Lee很高兴看见妈妈被照顾得很好。his mother和take care of是被动关系，用过去分词做宾语补足语，所以选B。

12. C.考查非谓语动词。这里是动词不定式作目的状语。该句意思为：为了更多了解到中国文化，杰克决定选择中国传统音乐作为选修课。

13. C.句意：最近几年，一个叫做infosphere的英语单词出现了，结合了“信息”和“气氛”这两个单词。这里的 “结合”与前面新出现的单词 \"infosphere\"的关系是主动的，所以故选C。

14. C。上班族们坐在办工座桌前太久，一般会受到健康问题的困扰。分析句子结构可知，分词的逻辑主语和后面主句的主语不一致，应该用主格结构。分词主语 “much time”和分词动作 “spend”之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系，是被动关系，且动作已完成，故用过去分词，故选C。

15. B，考查动名词作主语。“will be”前面的“______ the difference between the two research findings”是主语部分，动词原形和过去分词不能直接作主语，要用动名词作主语。且you和ignore是主谓关系，此处是主动关系，这里表示同时发生，而非先后发生，因此不用分词的完成式。

16. A。句意：有时我充当了倾听同学们谈论烦心事的对象。此处不定式表示目的，故选A。

第三部分 复合句

复合句是指含有状语从句、名词从句和定语从句的句子，所有从句中要用陈述语气和陈述语序。

第一节 状语从句

状语从包括时间、地点、原因、目的、条件、结果、让步等状语从句。

一、时间状语从句，引导词有：when, whenever, as, while, before, after, until, since, as soon as, till, once；the moment, the first time, by the time等 I’ll tell him the news as soon as I met him. We waited till he had finished this work. They won’t go until the class is over. I recognized you the minute I saw you. 5文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word版本可编辑.

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The first time I climbed onto the Great Wall, I felt nervous.

小窍门：可以把the minute、the first time等替换成when来理解，这样，它们引出的时间状语从句就容易理解了。另外注意两点： 1、 when/while/as：

When引导时间状语从句时，既可以接时间段，又可以接时间点；while引导时间状语从句时接时间段（动词是延续性的）；as常常表示“随着……；一边……一边……”。另外，when常常表示“突然；正在那时”，相当于“at that time; suddenly”； while常常表示“然而”。例如： My brother fell when/while he was riding his bicycle.（“当……时候”，是一个“时间段”） When the film ended, the people went back. （“当……时候”，是一个“时间点”） We get wiser as we get older.（“随着……”）

I was walking along the river when I heard someone called help.（“正在那时，突然”） The teacher could not work out the problem while the child could. （“然而”，引导并列句）

2、时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时态表示将来时态。 I will tell him about it when I see him.（用一般现在时态表示一般将来时态）

I don’t know when he will come back.（在宾语从句中，该用一般将来时态就用一般将来时态） 二、地点状语从句，引导词有where, wherever, everywhere, no matter where He will work wherever money is easily made. He found his computer where he had left it. Her dog follows her everywhere she goes.

No matter where you study, you can improve yourself.

三、目的状语从句，引导词有so that, in order that, in case以防, for fear (that) 以免 They study hard so that they can go to college.

In order that he might get a job, he went to live in town.

Take an umbrella with you in case it rains.

He put his money in the box for fear that it (should) be stolen. （从句中用的是虚拟语气） 四、结果状语从句，引导词有so…that, such…that, so that, with the result that等 The stone is so heavy that nobody could move it. He is so honest that everyone believes in him. =He is so honest a man that everyone believes in him. =He is such an honest man that everyone believes in him.

Sara wasn’t at school last week, with the result that she missed an important test.

五、原因状语从句，引导词有because, since, as, now that=since

Because语气强，可以用来回答why提出的问题，since和as语气较弱。 I bought several pens because they were cheap.

Since the weather has improved, the sports meet will be held as planned.

六、条件状语从句，引导词有if如果；unless(不用于虚拟语气)； in case万一，如果； on condition that在……的条件下；as/so long as只要；once一旦 条件状语从句中用一般现在时态表示一般将来时态。 If it is fine next Sunday, we will go for a spring outing. One cannot learn a foreign language unless he studies hard. Please ask him to wait for a moment in case he arrives before I get back.

They agreed to lend us the car on condition that we should return it before the weekend. As long as we don’t lose heart, we’ll find a way to solve it. Once you hear the story, you will never be able to forget it.

七、方式状语从句，引导词有as像……一样； as if/as though好像，仿佛 Please do as I tell you.

The child act as if he were a man. （是虚拟语气）

It looks as if it is going to rain. （事实是：要下雨了，是陈述语气，不是虚拟语气）

八、让步状语从句，引导词有though, although, even thugh/even if, whoever, no matter who, no matter what等

Though/Although he is 60 years old, (yet) he looks quite young.(用了though, 就不用but) Whichever/No matter which book you borrow, you must return in in a week. 第三部分复合句 第一节 状语从句练习题：选择最佳答案。 1. (a). ______ he heard this, he got very angry.

(b). I met Lucy _______ I was walking along the river. (c). _______ a child , he lived in the country.

A. when B. while C. As D. When/While/As 2. (a). We were about to leave _______ it began to rain.

(b). She thought I was talking about her son, ____ , in fact, I was talking about my son.

A. when B. while C. As D. When/While/As

3. (a). If we work hard, we can overcome any difficulty, no matter _______ great it is. (b). If we work hard, we can overcome any difficulty, _______ great it is. (c). If we work hard, we can overcome any difficulty, _______ difficulty it is.

(d). If we work hard, we can overcome any difficulty, no matter _____ difficulty it is.

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A. what B. how C. however D. whatever

4. (a). He would have a look at the bookstores _______ he went to town. (b). We decide to finish the work on time, _________ happens.

(c). If we work with a strong will, we can overcome any difficulty, _______ great it is. (d). I’ll give the book to _______ likes English.

A. whenever B. whoever C. whatever D. however 5. (a). It will be years _______ we meet again. (b). It’s ten years _______ I came to this town.

(c). It’s ten years ago ______ I came to this town. A. when B. that C. before D. since

6. (a). _______ late he goes to bed, he always gets up early. (b). I’d like to go with you, __________ , my hands are full.

A. however B. How C. No mater how D. but

7. (a). Tom failed in the examination _________ he hadn’t worked hard. (b). It rained last night, _______ the ground is wet.

(c). _______ everybody is here, let’s begin our meeting. A. because B. for C. Since

8. (a). Go and get your coat. It’s _______ you left it. (b). You are free to go _______ you like.

A. there B. where C. wherever D. when

第二节 名词从句

名词从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 一、主语从句：一个句子充当主语，该句子就叫主语从句。 That the earth goes round the sun is known to us all.

= It is known to us all that the earth goes round the sun. （it作形式主语，that不能省略） What he said is important. (从句中what是主语从句的引导词，作主语从句中的宾语)

When and where he was born is a secret. (when和where是作主语从句的时间状语和地点状语) Whether he will come or not doesn’t matter a lot. (从句中的whether是引导词，表示疑问语气)

二、宾语从句：一个句子充当宾语，该句子就叫宾语从句。分为三种类型： 1、由that引导的宾语从句，that常常可以省。（它在直接引语中原来是一个陈述句） She said (that) it was very cold in Moscow. (that是引导词，在宾语从句中不作任何成分，可省)

2、由whether/if引导的宾语从句。（它在直接引语中原来是一个一般疑问句）

Henry asked whether /if they would come the next day. (whether/if是引导词，表示疑问语气)

3、由疑问词引导的宾语从句。（它在直接引语中原来是一个特殊疑问句） Do you know what he will tell us? (what引导的从句作know的宾语)

Can you tell me where the post office is? (where引导的从句作tell的直接宾语)

关于宾语从句的补充说明：

(1) 在“动词+宾语+宾补”结构中，常常用形式宾语it来替换宾语从句： I thought it necessary that I should stay in the room till he came back.

(2) 表示“请求、命令、建议”的动词后的宾语从句，其谓语动词常常用“(should) +动词原形”的虚拟语气形式，其中，should常常被省略。这类动词可以归纳为： “I drop caps”： I-----insist, d------demand, r------require/recommend,

o------order, p-----propose, c------command, a------advise, s------suggest. 例如： His teacher insisted he (should) give up playing online games. We suggested that he finish the task within two days. We proposed she go to the hospital at once.

Tom suggested that Lucy (should) be given the right to express her opinion.

但是注意：如果insist不是“坚持要求”，而是“申明某事”，则不用虚拟语气，而是用陈述语气；同样，如果suggest不是“建议”，而是“暗示、表明”，也不用虚拟语气，而用陈述语气：

Tom insists that he did nothing wrong. (因为此处的“insist”意思是“坚持申明”，不是“要求、

建议”，所以它后面的宾语从句不用虚拟语气，而用陈述语气)

The smile on her face suggests (that) she is very happy.(因为此处的“suggest”意思是“表明、

暗示”，不是“建议”，所以不用虚拟语气，而用陈述语气)

三、表语从句：一个句子充当表语，该句子就叫表语从句。 This is what he did last Sunday. (引导词what作表语从句的宾语) That is how Henry solved the problem. (引导词how作表语从句的状语)

What people are worried about is whether we will be able to build better future.

下列结构常常看成表语从句：

It appears that… 似乎…… It seems that… 好像…… It turned out that…结果是…… It happens that… 碰巧…… It appears that they are in need of money. It happened that they had no money on them. 7文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word版本可编辑.

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四、同位语从句：一般作某些抽象名词news, promise, fact等的同位语。 The news that he had been killed surprised people. （that引导的句子作news的同位语，that在从句中不作任何成分，但that不能省，下同）

We all know the truth that the earth goes around the sun.

The fact that the Great Britain is composed of 3 countries is unknown to them. Word came that the general himself would come to the front. （word：消息） He made the suggestion that the meeting (should) be brought to an end.

该句可以转换成宾语从句：He suggested (that) the meeting be brought to an end.

头或树枝藏在水里。这个句子是由investigate引导的宾语从句，因为从句部分is 前面缺少主语，

5.【答案】A 句意：我们必须弄明白Karl什么时候来，因此我们才能给他预定房间。Find out 后面跟着宾语从句。根据句意选when。

6.【答案】B本句考查宾语从句的引导词。宾语从句中不缺少主语和宾语，故选项C错误，选项D担当定语，也错误。根据意思：这个展览告诉了我们，我们为什么要停止空气污染而不是我们在哪儿停止空气污染，故选择B。

第三部分复合句 第二节 名词从句练习题：2011-2013年高考名词从句试题 1【2011北京卷 22】_________ Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness. A. Which B. What C. That D. Whom

2【2011北京卷31】The shocking news made me realize _________ terrible problems we would face. A. what B. how C. that D. why 3、【2011上海卷 35】There is clear evidence _____ the most difficult feeling of all to interpret(口译，说明) is bodily pain. A. what B. if C. how D. that 4、【2011上海卷 38】The message you intend to convey(传达，运输) through words may be the exact opposite of _____ others actually understand. A. why B. that C. which D. what 5、【2011山东卷 26】I am afraid he’s more of a talker than a doer, which is ______ he never finishes anything.

A. that B. when C. where D. why 6、【2011山东卷 33】We’ve offered her the job, but I don’t know______ she’ll accept it. A. where B. what C . whether D. which 7【2011江西卷26】The villagers have already known ___ we’ll do is to rebuild the bridge. A. this B. that C. what D. which 8【2011江苏卷26】It was never clear ______ the man hadn’t reported the accident sooner. A. that B. how C. when D. why

9【2011安徽卷 33】His writing is so confusing that it’s difficult to make out _____it is he is trying to express.

A. that B. how C. who D. what 10【2011四川卷 10】Our teachers always tell us to believe in ________ we do and who we are if we want to succeed.

A. why B. how C. what D. which

11【2011辽宁卷23】Twenty students want to attend the class that aims to teach ________ to read fast.

The commander gave an order that the army (should) advance ten miles.

该句转换成宾语从句：The commander ordered

(that) the army (should) advance ten miles.

At the meeting, there was a real question whether the government would take an action.

（whether引导的同位语从句作question的同位语）

第三部分复合句 第二节 名词从句练习题（2015高考题选解）

1【2015湖南】26.You have to know ________ you're going if you are to plan the best way of getting there.

A. what B. that C. where D. who

2【2015北京】33.I truly believe ______beauty comes from within.

A. that B. where C. what D. why

3【2015安徽】25.A ship in harbor is safe, but that’s not ______ ships are built for.

A. what B. whom C. why D. when

4【2015浙江】6. If you swim in a river or lake, be sure to investigate _________ is below the water surface. Often there are rocks or branches hidden in the water.

A. what B. who C. that D. whoever

5【2015重庆】8.We must find out ____ Karl is coming, so we can book a room for him.

A. when B. how C. where D. why

6【201川】8.The exhibition tells us ________we should do something to stop air pollution.

A. where B. why C. what D. which

1.【答案】C know后面是一个宾语从句，缺地点状语。句意：如果你已经计划好去那里的最佳方案，你必须知道你将要去哪里。

2.【答案】A 句意：我很相信美丽源自于内心! 本题考查宾语从句，从句部分不缺少任何成分，因此用that起到连接作用，也可以省略。

3.【答案】A 句意：船停放在海港里是很安全的，但这并非建造船的目的。isn’t后跟从句作表语，表语从句中的for后缺少宾语，用what引导，what与for连用，表示目的。故选A。

4.【答案】A句意：如果你在河里或湖里游泳，请确定查看水面下有什么？通常总有一些石

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A. what B. who C . how D. why A. whatever B. whichever C. whenever D. wherever 12、【2011辽宁卷 32】When the news came ________ the war broke out, he decided to 24、【2012山东】25. It doesn’t matter _____ you pay by cash or credit card in this store. serve in the army. A. how B. whether C. what D. why A. since B. which C. that D. because 25、【2012湖南】26. Everyone in the village is very friendly. It doesn’t matter ______ you 13、【2011天津卷 13】Modern science has given clear evidence ______ smoking can lead have lived there for a short or a long time. to many diseases. A. why B. how C. whether D. when A. what B. which C. that D. where 26、【2012天津】9. It doesn’t matter _________ you turn right or left at the crossing—both 14【2011陕西卷15】I’d like to start my own business–that’s ____ I’d do if I had the money. roads lead to the park. A. why B. when C. which D. what A. whether B. how C. if D. when 15、【2011重庆卷 22】It is still under discussion __________the old bus station should be 27、【2012江西】25. It suddenly occurred to him ___ he had left his keys in the office. replaced with a modern hotel or not. A. whether B. where C. which D. that A. whether B. when C. which D. where 28、【2012辽宁】34. The newcomer went to the library the other day and searched for 16、【2011重庆卷 34】It is not always easy for the public to see _______ use a new ___________ he could find about Mark Twain. invention can be of to human life. A. wherever B. however C. whatever D. whichever A. whose B. what C. which D. that 29、【2012四川】17. Scientists study ____ human brains work to make computers. 17【2011湖南卷31】Before a problem can be solved, it must be obvious ______the A. when B. how C. that D. whether problem itself is. 30、【2012浙江】4. I made a promise to myself ____ this year, my first year in high school, A. what B. that C. which D. why would be different. 18、【2012安徽】27. The limits of a person’s intelligence, generally speaking, are fixed at A. whether B. what C. that D. how birth, but ________he reaches these limits will depend on his environment. 31【2012江苏】27. The notice came around two in the afternoon _____ the meeting would A. where B. whether C. that D. why be postponed(延迟). 19、【2012重庆】34. Evidence has been found through years of study______ children’s A. when B. that C. whether D. how early sleeping problems are likely to continue when they grow up. 32 【2013北京31】______ makes the book so extraordinary is the creative imagination A. why B. how C. whether D. that of the writer. 20、【2012全国】24. It is by no means clear________the president can do to end the strike. A. That B. What C. Who D. Which A. how B. Which C. that D. what 33【2013北京33】 Experts believe _____ people can waste less food by shopping only 21、【2012北京】24. Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt ______ he could have when it is necessary. expressed it differently. A. why B. where C. that D. what A. why B. how C. that D. whether 34、【2013湖南28】. Do not let any failures discourage you, for you can never tell _______ 22、【2012福建】35. We promise _____ attends the party a chance to have a photo taken close you may be to victory. with the movie star. A. how B. that C. which D. where A. who B. whom C. whoever D. whomever 35、【2013江西30】_______ one of you breaks the window will have to pay for it. 23、【2012陕西】20. As many as five courses are provided, and you are free to choose A. Whoever B. Whatever C. Whichever D. Wherever _____ suits you best.

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36、【2013山东30】It’s good to know______ the dogs will be well cared for while we’re away.

A. what B. whose C. which D. that 37、【2013陕西20】It remains to be seen______ the newly formed committee’s policy can be put into practice. A. that B. which C. what D. whether

38、 【2013四川6】 ______ you said at the meeting describes a bright future for the company.

A. When B. How C. What D. That 39、【2013天津15】__________ I want to tell you is the deep love and respect I have for my parents.

A. That B. Which C. Whether D. What 40、【2013新课标I卷26】Police have found_____appears to be the lost ancient statue. A. which B. where C. how D. what 41、【2013浙江16】The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief _____ you are better than anyone else on the sports field.

A. how B. that C. which D. whether

42【2013重庆28】___struck me most in the movie was the father’s deep love for his son.

A. That B. It C. What D. Which 43、【2013安徽21】From space, the earth looks blue. This is _____about seventy-one percent of its surface is covered by water.

A. why B. how C. because D. whether

第三节 定语从句

定语从句：用一个句子来限定某个词（词组、句子）的范围，该句子就叫定语从句。被限定的词（词组、句子）就叫先行词，从句的引导词叫关系词（分为关系代词、

The old town has narrow streets and small houses that/which are built close to each ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．other.（由that/which引导的限定性定语从句，先行词是narrow streets and small houses） Between the two parts of the concert is an interval, when/during which the audience ．．．．．．．．can buy ice-cream.（2011江苏卷 关系副词when可以替换为during which，指的是during the interval）

一、定语从句的运用： 1、注意两个要点：

（1）定语从句一定要有自己的先行词（即被限定的词、词组、句子） （2）关系词在定语从句中一定要充当某个成分（主语、定语、宾语、状语等）。 The days are gone when physical strength was all you needed to make a living.(2011天津卷) ．．．．．．．

该句中“when”的先行词是“the days”，意思是“在那些日子里”，用英语表达就是“during/in those days”，所以可以用“in/during which”替换when. 它在定语从句“when physical strength was all you needed to make a living”中作时间状语。另外，该句中的另一个定语从句“you needed”是“all”的定语从句，关系代词“that”被省略了，在定语从句“you needed”中作needed的宾语。

2、关系词的使用：

（1）一般地说，who指人，which指物，that既可以指人，又可以指物。

I have a friend who/that likes classical music a lot. （先行词是a friend，是人，作主语）

．．．．．．．She saw a wall of water which/that was quickly adcancing towards her.（先行词是a wall of

．．．．．．．．．．．．water，是物，作主语，关系词不用who）

The soldier and his gun that were here last night were out of sight. (先行词是the soldier and his

．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．gun，既含有人，又含有物，所以只能用that，作主语）

（2）先行词是不定代词（all, something, everything等等）、先行词前有最高级或序数词、先行词前有only, little, few等时，一般用that.

Is there anything that I can do for you?（先行词是不定代词anything，所以用that，可以省略，作宾语） ．．．．．．．．关系副词）。关系代词：that, which, who, whose, as；关系副词：when, where, why. （3）在非限定性定语从句、

“介词+关系代词”中，用which或 who/whom，不用that.

定语从句按关系词与先行词的关系紧密程度可以分为“限定性定语从句和非限定

She heard a loud noise, which grew to a terrible roar. (which grew to a terrible roar是非限定性定语从

．．．．．

性定语从句”；按关系词的类别可以分为“关系代词引导的定语从句、关系副词引导

句，关系词which作主语) 的定语从句、介词+关系代词引导的定语从句”三类。

You’ll find ．taxis waiting at the bus station which you can hire to reach your host ．．．．family. （2011上海卷 限定性定语从句）

The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China, which he remembers ．．．．．．．

starting as early as his childhood.（2013江苏卷 非限定性定语从句）

She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction of which had taken more than ．．．．．．．．．three years.(2011江西卷 which前有介词“of”） （4） “whose”作关系代词时，意思是“某物的、某人的”。

The school shop, whose customers are mainly students, is closed for the holidays. （2011四川

．．．．卷该句关系代词whose指的是“the school shop’s”）

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I wish to thank Professor Smith, without whose help I would never have got this far.（2012天

．．．．．．．．．．．．．．津卷 该句关系代词whose 指的是“Professor Smith’s”）

He entered the meeting hall, in front of which were sitting some important men.

定语从句部分的句子是：Some important men were sitting in front of the meeting hall.

（5） “as”与“which”相比，as有“正如”之意，所引导的定语从句常常提前到句首，which引导的定语从句不提前。

As is often the case with children, Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived.（2013陕西卷

．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．

该句关系代词as引出的定语从句提前了，它的先行词是后面“Amy…arrived”整句话。as有“正如”之意）

6、定语从句中的插入现象：

I suggest you choose someone who you think is kind and friendly. I went to Tom, who I know was ready to help me at any time.

二、定语从句例析：

He is a successful manager in a company which/that sends mails all over the world.

先行词是_company_; 关系词是_which/that_ , 它在定语从句中作__主语_ This is the scientist whose name is known to all the people.

先行词是_the scientist; 关系词是_whose_ , 它在定语从句中作_name的定语_ The room whose windows are broken is mine.

先行词是_the room_; 关系词是_whose_ , 它在定语从句中作_windows的定语 This is the house where we lived last year.

先行词是_the house; 关系词是_where/in which, 它在定语从句中作_地点状语_ The reason why/for which he didn’t come was that he missed his train.

先行词是_the reason; 关系词是_why/for which, 它在定语从句中作_原因状语_ I still remember the day when we first met.

先行词是_the day; 关系词是_when/on which, 它在定语从句中作_时间状语_ Sep. 18, 1931 is the day we’ll never forget.

先行词是_the day; 关系词是_(that/which), 它在定语从句中作_宾语，可以省略。 三、同位语从句与定语从句的区别

1、同位语从句的引导词that 在从句中不充当任何成分，但不可以省略； 2、定语从句的关系词在从句中一定要充当某个成分，并且有自己的先行词，如果关系代词作定语从句的宾语，且它前面没有介词时，可以省略。例如：

The news that they won the basketball game is true.(是同位语从句，句子“that.they…game”才是news

所指代的内容， that不指代news的内容，也没作成分，但不能省)

Mo yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012, which made one of the ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．

Chinese people’s long-held dreams come true.（2013安徽卷 该句关系代词which引出的定语从句不能

提前，其先行词是前面整句话，which没有“正如”之意）

（6）如何确定“介词+关系词”中的“介词”。

I walked up to the top of the hill with my friend, on top of which we enjoyed a splendid ．．．．．．．

view of the lake.（根据2011陕西卷11题改写。 该句on top of which 可以替换为where. 之所以用“on top of

which”，是因为它是“on top of the hill”之意，在定语从句中作地点状语）

（7）引导限定性定语从句的关系代词如果在定语从句中作宾语且它的前面无介词时，可以省略。

The man (who/whom/that) I met today asked me to help him. ．．．．．．

先行词是the man; 关系词是who/whom/that, 它在定语从句中作宾语，可以省略。

3、关系代词作主语时，其后动词的人称格式要与先行词一致。 They want to visit places that are famous, interesting and beautiful. I, who am your classmate, will share the work with you. He is one of the students who have made great progress.

Tom is the only one of my friends who has been invited to have dinner with us.

4、当先行词是“way”且其含义是“用某种方式”时，其关系词可以是“that或in which”，也可以省略。

This is the way (that/in which) he solved the problem. （该句“that/in which”意思是“用这种

方式”，即“in this way”，作定语从句的方式状语）

This is the way (that/which) he used to solve the problem.（该句“that/which”意思是“方式、

方法”，是定语从句中的动词“used”的宾语，而关系代词作定语从句的宾语时可以省略）

The news (that) he told me is true. (是定语从句，that指代news，作定语从句的宾语，可省) The news that was heard by us is true. (是定语从句，that指代news，作定语从句的主语，不能省)

四、典型复合句例析：

1、含有tha-clauset的复合句（要留意可以省去that的三种情况）：

5、定语从句中的倒装现象：

That is our school, in front of which lies a large wheat field.

定语从句部分的句子是：A large wheat field lies in front of the school.

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That they are good at English is known to us all. (that引出主语从句，不作任何成分，但不可省略) The suggestion that we (should) do it by ourselves is good.(that引出同位语从句,不作成分,不可省） The suggestion (that) he put forward at the meeting is good.（that引出定语从句,作宾语,可省） The suggestion that sounds good is unreasonable. （that引出定语从句，作从句的主语,不可省） The problem is that we don’t have enough money. (that引出表语从句，不作成分，但不可省略) She judged (that) Tom did not understand French. (that引出宾语从句，不作成分，可以省) This is the way (that/in which) she learns English. (that/in which引出定语从句，作方式状语，可省)

2、含有when-clause的复合句：

When they will leave for Canada and the USA is unknown to us. （when引出的是主语从句） Our question is when we can finish this boring task. （when引出的是表语从句） I will go home when the class is over. （when引出的是时间状语从句） I don’t know when he will come. （when引出的是宾语从句，作know的宾语）

I still remember the day when we first met. （when引出的是定语从句，在定语从句中作时间状语）

3、含有where-clause的复合句：

We have no idea where she lives. (where引出的句子作idea的同位语从句) She hasn’t told me where she is from. (where引出的句子作told的直接宾语)

Where she bought these bikes is still unknown to us. (where引出主语从句，作从句的地点状语) He has been to a place where he used to live. (where引出的句子作place的定语从句，作地点状语) Please go where he lived a few years ago. (where引出的句子作地点状语，作从句的地点状语) 第三部分第三节定语从句练习题：选择最佳答案。

1. (a) The man ____________ she married last year was a soldier.

A. whom B. to whom C. with whom D. whose

(b) The man ____________ she was married last year was a soldier.

A. whom B. to whom C. with whom D. who

2. (a) The day __________ she spent with us was never to be forgotten. A. / B. on which C. when D. in which

(b). The day __________ she played with us was never to be forgotten. A. / B. on which C. that D. which 3. (a). Is this the factory _________ you visited last week? A. where B. which C. to which D. in which (b)Is this factory _________ you visited last week?

A. that B. where C. the one D. in which 4. (a). The house ________ window faces south is for the doctor. A. which B. that C. whose D. of which (b). The house ________ faces south is for the doctor. A. which B. whose C. who D. where 5. (a). She came up with a plan ________ we didn’t agree. A. that B. which C. / D. to which (b). She came up with a plan ________ we couldn’t accept.

A. of which B. to which C. / D. for which

6. (a). The invention ________ she spent two years will do good to the world. A. which B. that C. on which D. when

(b). The invention __________ took her two years will do good to the world. A. which B./ C. on which D. it

7. (a). English, __________ I do well, is important in middle school. A. which B. that C. in which D. at which

(b). English, __________ I have learned well, is important in middle school. A. which B. that C. in which D. at which

8. (a). Tom, _________ I went to the concert, is a friend of mine. A. whom B. who C. with whom D. whose

(b). Tom, _________ bicycle I went to the concert, is a friend of mine. A. whom B. who C. on whose D. whose

9. (a). The place ______ you visited during your holiday is where I used to live for years. A. where B. which C. in which D. to which

(b). The place ________ you stayed for 3 years is where an ancient city used to be. A. where B. which C. that D. to which

(c). The place __________ interests the children most is Disneyland. A. that B. where C. it D. in which

10. (a). She will fly to Washington, ___________ is the capital of the US. A. that B. where C. which D. in which

(b). She will fly to Washington , ________ she can enjoy herself. A. where B. that C. which D. /

11. (a). The story happened on a day ___________ the weather was wet and cold. A. when B. which C. in which D. on when

(b). The story happened on a day ___________ was wet and cold.

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A. when B. which C. / D. on which

12. (a). Tom , _________ we had expected , got the first place in the competition. A. as B. which C. whom D. who

(b). Tom , ___________ we had expected to help us, didn’t even show his face. A. as B. whom C. that D. which

13. (a). This is one of the best novels ________ published last year.

(b).This is the only one of the best novels __________ published last year.

A. which were B. which was C. that were D. that was

14. (a). She has two skirts, ___________ were bought last summer. (b). She has two skirts. ___________ were bought last summer.

A. Both of which B. both of them C. both of which D. Both of them 15. (a). He has many children, some of ________ are workers. (b). He has many children, and some of ________ are workers. A. which B. that C. them D. whom 16. (a)Is this flat _________ you once lived in?

(b)Is this the only flat _____________ you have lived in? (c)Is this the flat ___________ you once lived? (d)Is this the flat in __________ you once lived? (e) Is it in this flat _________ you once lived?

A. which B. where C. that D.the one

17. (a)I was surprised that he did the same _________ I had done. (b)I was surprised that he didn’t like the way _________ I had done. A. that B. which C. on which D. as

18. (a). ________ is well known that great changes have taken place in China recently. (b). ________ is well known , great changes have taken place in China recently. A. That B. As C. Which D. It

19. (a). Galileo collected facts ________ proved the earth moves round the sun. (b). Galileo collected facts ________ the earth moves round the sun. A. which B. that C. of which D. A or B 20. (a). He likes the dictionary _______ cover is red. (b). I like the dictionary, the cover of ________ is red. A. that B. which C. who’s D. whose

第四部分 其他语法句法知识

第一节 主谓一致

英语谓语动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就叫主谓一致。寻其规律，大致可归纳为三个原则，即语法一致、逻辑意义一致和就近一致原则。

一、语法一致原则：谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。

1、以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：

His father is working on the farm. To study English well is not easy.

What he said is very important for us all. Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. What I bought were three English books. The writer and the teacher have come.(是两个人)

The writer and artist has come.（是一个人，翻译为：这位作家兼艺术家的人来了）

2. 主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with， together with， except， but， like， as well as，besides， including等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。如：

Mr. Green， together with his wife and children， has come to China. Nobody but Jim and his parents was playing on the playground. She， like you and your classmates， is very tall.

3. 在定语从句中，关系代词that， who， which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如： He is one of my friends who/that are working hard. ．．．．．．．He is the only one of my friends who/that is working hard. ．．．．．．．．．．

4. 如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数；如果它指集体的成员，其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有family， class， crowd， committee， population， audience等。如： Class Four is on the third floor. (强调整体)

His family is very large. (强调整体) His family are watching TV. (强调成员)

5. 由“a lot of， lots of， plenty of， the rest of， the majority of + 名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。如： There are a lot of people in the classroom. The rest of the lecture is wonderful. ．．．．．．．．．．．．．50% of the students in our class are girls. ．．．．．．．．

二、逻辑意义一致原则

逻辑意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致（因有时主语形式为单数，但意义为复数；有时形式为复数，但意义为单数）。

1. what， who， which， any， more， all等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。如：Which is your bag？ Which are your bags？ All is going well. All have gone to Beijing.

2. 表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体，如：

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Thirty minutes is enough for the work.

3. 算式中表示数目（字）的主语通常作单数看待，其谓语动词采用单数形式。如：Twelve plus eight is twenty. Fifty-six divided by eight is seven.

4. trousers， glasses， clothes， shoes， 等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a (the) pair of等量词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。如： My glasses are broken. The pair of shoes under the bed is his. ．．．．．．．

5. “定冠词the + 形容词或分词”，表示某一类人时，动词用复数。 三、就近一致原则

在英语句子中，有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。

1. 当两个主语由either …… or， neither …… nor， whether …… or ……， not only …… but also连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。如： Either the teacher or ．the students are our friends. Neither they nor he is wholly right. ．．．．．．．．．．．．Neither he nor they are wholly right？ ．．．．2. there be句型be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。如： There are two chairs and a desk in the room. ．．．．．．．．．There is a desk and two chairs in the room. ．．．．．主谓一致练习题

1.The old ____well looked after by the government in China.

A. is B. are C. has been D. was 2. The secretary and manager ____very busy now.

A. is B. are C. was D. were

3. Both the secretary and the manager _____agreed to attend the meeting.

A. has B. have C. are D. was

4. Tom as well as two of his classmates _____invited to the party.

A. was B. were C. have been D. had been

5. Either you or I _____going to the teachers‘ office after class.

A. am B. is C. are D. will 6.Most of his spare time ____spent in reading.

A. are B. were C. was D. have been

7. This is one of the best novels that ____appeared this year.

A. have been B. has C. had been D. have 8. Ten thousand dollars _____quite a large sum.

A.are B. is C. were D. have

9. About 20 percent of the work ____done yesterday.

A. are B. is C. were D. was

10. Mr Smith， together with his children， ____arrived.

A.are B. has C. is D. have 11. It ____I who _____leaving for London.

A.is…is B. am…is C. is…am D. am…am

12. Not only Tom but also his wife ____fond of watching television.

A. are B. were C. be D. is

13. Those who ____ in ____compositions, please hand them in this afternoon.

A. hasn‘t handed； his B. haven’t handed； their C.has handed； their D. have handed； his 14. Although the first part of the book is easy, the rest ______.

A. are difficult B. has proved difficult

C. is supposed difficult D. have been found difficult

15. Jane is one of the best students in her class who _____by their teacher.

A. are praised B. is praised C. praised D. praising

16. The whole class _____the teacher attentively(用心地，聚精会神地).

A. are listening to B. is listening to C. are listening D. is listening 17. Three-fourths of the homework _____today.

A. has finished B. has been finished C. have finished D. have been finished 18. Each of the students _____ a Chinese-English dictionary.

A. have B. has C. there is D. there are 19. They each ____ a beautiful handkerchief.

A. have B. has C. there is D. there are 20. Between the two rows of trees _____the teaching building.

A. stand B. stands C. standing D. are 21. This pair of shoes ____made in Nanjing.

A.is B. are C. have been D. had been 22. No one except my parents _____anything about it.

A. know B. knows C. is knowing D. have known 23. A number of students _____from the south.

A. are B. is C. have D. has

24. The number of students from those schools ____small.

A.are B. is C. have D. has

25. Writing stories and articles _____what I enjoy most.

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A.is B. are C. was D. were

第二节 强调句

特殊句式主要包括强调句、倒装句（分完全倒装和部分倒装）、各种疑问句、省略、there be 结构等。下面主要讲述强调句。

一、强调句的基本句型是：It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+其他部分。被强调的部分可以是主语、宾语、状语等。如果一个句子出现了“It is/was …that/who”结构，首先判断它是否是强调句。判断依据是：把“It is/was …that/who”结构去掉后，如果句子意义是完整的，就是强调句，否则不是。如果强调的是人，常常用who,否则用that. Only children make such stupid mistake.

→It is only children who make such stupid mistakes. （强调主语“only children”） He wrote an English book last year.

→It was an English book that he wrote last year. （强调宾语“an English book”）

Not how much you read but what you read counts. 重要的不是你看了多少而是看了什么。 →It is not how much you read but what you read that counts.（强调主语“not how…read”）

二、强调句的疑问句是将is/was提前。理解和处理方法是还原为陈述句来理解。 Did you met your teacher in the street yesterday?(技巧：先转化为肯定句再改为强调句) →Was it yesterday that you met your teacher in the street? Who told you such a thing?

→Who was it that told you such a thing? (强调的部分是who时，用It is/was… that…) Why didn’t you come to the meeting yesterday? (技巧：先转化为肯定句结构再改为强调句) →Why was it that you didn’t come to the meeting yesterday?

三、在“not …until…”句型中，如果强调时间状语部分“until…”时，要把not移到until前面。如：

I didn’t recoganize him until he took off his dark glasses.

→It was not until he took off his dark glasses that I recoganized him.

四、强调句与状语从句的区别：

It was at midnight that I got back home yesterday. 是强调句，因为可以去掉强调结构。 It was midnight when I got back home yesterday. 是状语从句。It指时间；when意思是：当……

时候。It 和when都不能省略。句意：昨天当我回家时，已经半夜了。

强调句和其他特殊句式练习：

1.--- ____________ that made Mrs White so upset? ---Her son’s making trouble in the school.

A. Where was it B. Why was it C. How was it D. What was it

2. The police were seeking more information to find out _______ the rich merchant(商人).

A. who it was that killed B. who was it that killed C. it was who killed D. who was it killed

3. If you have a job, ________ yourself to it and finally you’ll succeed.

A. do devote B. don’t devote C. devoting D. not devoting

4. It is the test system, rather than the teachers, ___________ is to blame for the students’ heavy burden nowadays.

A. who B. this C. that D. whom

5. It was from only a few supplies that she had bought in the village ___________ the hostess cooked such a nice dinner.

A. where B. that C. when D. which 6. ---I don’t know __________ makes her different from others.

---Honesty, think.

A. how is it that B. how it is that C. what is it that D. what it is that

7. I don’t know how many years ago ____________ people began to stay at home and civilization(文明，文明帝国)began.

A. it was when B. it was that C. was it that D. was it when 8. John opened the door, there _______ he had never seen before.

A. a girl stand B. a girl stood C. did a girl stand D. stood a girl 9. Hearing the dog barking fiercely(凶猛地，猛烈地), away __________ .

A. fleeing the thief B. was fleeing the thief C. the thief was fleeing D. fled the thief

10. Not until they left school _____ how much their teachers loved them and helped them.

A. they realized B. did they realize C. they would realize D. had they realized 11.---Did you hear that Li Hua was robbed during his recent trip to South Africa? ---Yes, not only__________ his money, but he was nearly killed.

A. He lost B. did he lose C. he had lost D. was he lost

12. Never ________ Lisa would arrive but she truned up(出现) at the last minute.

五、强调句与定语从句的区别：

It was in the room that the important meeting was held.是强调句，因为可以去掉强调结构。 It was the room where the important meeting was held.是定语从句，因为where指的是in the

room(它的先行词是room), 可以换成in which, 它在从句中作地点状语。

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A. did we think B. have we thought C. we thought D. we have thought 13. We laugh at jokes, but seldom ________ about how they work.

A. we think B. think we C. we do think D. do we think

14. The computer was used in teaching. As a result, not only ____________, but students became more interested in the lessons.

A. saved was teachers’ energy B. was tachers’ energy saved C. teachers’ energy was saved D. was saved teachers’ energy

15. Between the two mountains ___________ and they dedide to build a ropeway(索道).

A. lies a very deep valley B. does a very deep valley lie C. a very deep valley lies D. a very deep valley lays

第三节 虚拟语气

英语的动词的语气常见有三种形式，即陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。陈述语气用来说明事实或就事实提出询问，可用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句中;祈使语气用于表示请求、命令、建议或警告等。

虚拟语气是谓语动词的一种特殊形式，用来表达假设、主观愿望、猜测、建议、可能或空想等非真实情况。

He is honest and he often tells the truth. 他很诚实。 (陈述语气，说明事实) Don't be late next time. 下次别迟到。 (祈使语气，表示要求或命令)

If I were you , I would not go. 我要是你，我就不会去。 (虚拟语气，表示虚拟假设) I wish I had a lot of money. 要是我有很多很多钱就好了。（虚拟语气，表示主观愿望或空想） 下面讲述两种常见的虚拟语气现象。

一、虚拟语气在条件句中的用法：

条件句有真实条件句和虚拟条件句两种。真实条件句所表示的假设是有可能发生的，此时主句不用虚拟语气；而虚拟条件句则表示一种假想，与事实相反或不大可能会发生，此时用虚拟语气，如:

If I have time，I will go. 假若我有时间，我就去。 (陈述语气) If I were you，I would go. 假若我是你，我就去。 (虚拟语气 ) 运用虚拟语气假设条件句时，请注意从句和主句的谓语动词搭配： 1、与现在事实相反： 主句谓语：would/should/could/might+ V原形；从句谓语：动词过去式（be动词用were） If I were you, I should study English. I would certainly go if I had time. 2、与过去事实相反：

主句谓语：would/should/could/might + have done； 从句谓语：动词过去完成式 If you had taken my advice, you would not have failed in the test. If I had left a little earlier, I would have caught the train.

3、与将来事实相反：

主句谓语：would/should/could/might + V原形； 从句谓语有三种形式：（1）动词过去式（2）should +V原形（3）were + to do If you came tomorrow, we shoud have the meeting.

=If you should come tomorrow, we shoud have the meeting.

=If you were to come tomorrow, we shoud have the meeting. If it were to rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off. =If it rained tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.

=If it should rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.

二、名词从句中的虚拟语气： 1、宾语从句中的虚拟语气：

(1) 在宾语从句中，表示命令、建议、要求、愿望等动词后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气，其谓语形式是“（should）+动词原形”，而这些常见的动词可以归纳为“I drop caps”，即：insist坚持要求；demand要求；recommend建议；requst要求；order命令； command命令；advise建议；propose建议；suggest建议，等等。在其他名词从句中出现这些动词以及它们的名词形式也要用虚拟语气。

My teacher insisted that we (should) give up playing online games. (虚拟语气，insist“主张”) She demanded Tom (should) return the books he borrowed from her. (虚拟语气) The doctor strongly recommended that he (should) take a holiday.医生竭力劝他去休假。 They suggested that we (should) boycott war toys. (虚拟语气，因为suggest是“建议”)

但是，当suggest当作“暗示、表明”时，当insist是“坚持申明、坚持说明”时，这两个词就不能用于虚拟语气。如：

Tom insisted that he did nothing wrong. (陈述语气，因为insist是“坚持说明情况”) Jane’s pale face suggested that she was ill. (陈述语气，因为suggest是“表明”) (2) wish后面接宾语从句，表示一种虚拟愿望，用虚拟语气。

①表示与现在事实相反的虚拟愿望：宾语从句用过去式（be用were）。 I wish I had a great deal money now. I wish I were a millionare today. I wish I knew everything in the world.

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I wish I could speak both English and Frech.

②表示与过去事实相反的虚拟愿望：宾语从句用“过去完成时态”或“would/could + have + 过去分词”。

I wish you had worked very hard last year. I wished that I had known that. I wish that you hadcome yesterday.

I wish that I could have gone with you last night.我希望我昨晚能和你一起去。 I didn't go to the party, but I do wish I had been there.我没有去参加晚会，但是我真的希望我去过那里。

③表示与将来事实相反的虚拟愿望：宾语从句谓语用“would/could/...+动词原形。” I wish you would go with us tomorrow. How he wishes he could go abroad next year. I wish that he could try again.我希望他能再次尝试。

2、主语从句中的虚拟语气：

It is suggested that we (should) have a meeting to discuss this problem.

=People suggest that we (should) have a meeting to discuss this problem.(即可以转化为宾语

从句)

2、if only引导的感叹句中的虚拟语气。意思是“要是……就好了”

If only I were rich. 但愿我很富有。（与现在事实相反）

If only I could go abroad for further study. 要是我能出国深造就好了。（与将来事实相反） If only I had not been ill last week.! 要是上周我没生病就好了。（与过去事实相反）

3、as if/as though 好像

（1）如果从句表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时。

They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed. 他们完全忽略了这

些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。

He talks as if he knew everything.他讲起话来好像他无所不知似的。

（2）从句表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用“过去完成时”。

He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting. 他那样子就像被雷击了似的。

He talks about Rome as if he had been there before．他说起罗马来好像他以前去过罗马似的。 The girl listened as if she had been turned to stone．那女孩倾听着，一动也不动，像已经变成

了石头似的。

（3）从句表示与将来事实相反，谓语动词用“would／could／might＋动词原形”。 He opened his mouth as if he would say something．他张开嘴好像要说什么。

但是，所述的是真实的或极有可能发生或存在的事实时，as if 从句用陈述语气。 It sounds as if it is raining． 听起来像是在下雨。

He talks as if he is drunk． 从他谈话的样子来看他是醉了。

第四部分 第三节 虚拟语气练习题：选择最佳答案。 1. If he ________ my advice, he wouldn’t have lost his job.

A. followed B. should follow C. had followed D. would follow 2. ---Thank you for reminding me of the time, or I ________ late yesterday. ---Don’t mention it.

A. should be B. would be C. will have been D. would have been 3. ___________ more careful, the mistake would not have been made.

A. If he is B. If he had been C. Should he be D. If he has been

4. Teachers recommend parents ____________ their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety.

A. not allow B. do not allow C. mustn’t allow D. couldn’t allow 5. His tired face suggested that he ________ really tired after the long walk. A. had been B. was C. be D. should be

6. ---Sorry, Daddy. I am not getting on well with my studies.

---Well, __________ you hadn’t wasted so much time playing online games.

A. As if B. Even if C. If only D. Only if 7. That is a good book. You ________ it yesterday.

It is recommended that the party be put off.

3、同位语从句中的虚拟语气：

They didn’t like my suggestion that we (should) share the cost. (从句是suggestion的同位语) They accepted our request that the next meeting be held on a Friday. (从句是request的同位语)

4、表语从句中的虚拟语气：

His demand was that he (should) go abroad to get a further study.

三、其他句型中的虚拟语气。如果针对现在的情况就用过去式，针对过去的情况就用过去完成式。

1、would rather (that) sb +过去式 “宁愿某人做某事”（与现在或将来事实相反） would rather (that) sb had+过去分词 “宁愿某人做过了某事”（与过去事实相反） I would rather (that) they came tomorrow.（与现在事实相反）

I’d rather we didn’t go to see a film this evening. 我倒希望我们今晚不去看电影。（与将来事实

相反）

I would rather (that) you had come yesterday.（与过去事实相反）

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A. could buy B. should buy C. should have bought D. bought 8. If only I _________ to the lecture！

A. listen B. will listen C. am listening D. had listened 9. I didn't know his telephone number， otherwise I ______ him.

A. had telephoned B. would telephone C. would have telephoned D. telephone 10. I insisted that he ________ at once.

A. be gone B. go C. would go D. might go

11. ---How much of the foreign expert’s speech have you understood? ---Next to nothing. I wish I ____________ harder at English.

A. worked B. had worked C. would work D. were working 12. She wishes she ____ to the theatre last night.

A. went B. would go C. had gone D. were going

13. His failure in the experiment suggested that he ________ his teacher’s proper instructions.

A. should not have followed B. should not follow C. mustn’t have followed D. hadn’t followed

14. She is my sister, but she often acts as if she ________ my mother.

A. is B. was C. were D. had been

15. If human beings had been a bit less greedy and cruel, more birds and animals __________ dying out.

A.ought to avoid B. could have been avoided C. should have avoided D. might have avoided

高中英语基础知识提升复习训练 参：

第一部分 动词时态和语态提升训练答案： 一、动词时态练习：用所给动词的适当形式填空。

1.is raining; rains 2. broke; was playing 3. will return; returns; will let 4. will send; aren’t 5. had been given;had done 6.went; was; smoking 7.was looking; let 8. has come; arrived; will leave 9.entered; didn’t see; was reading 10. was; had expected 11. has learnt /has been learning; was; speaks 12. have kept; was reading 13.would bring; had 14.Have; seen; left 15. am; sleeping; come 16.haven’t seen; have; been; have been 17.have lost; lost; was 18. has been broacasting

二、动词语态练习：用所给动词的适当形式填空答案。

1.to learn; learn 2.do; be done 3.said; is said; is said 4.hold; be held 5. were discussing; were being discussed 6. put off; be put off 7.cross; to cross 8.repair; be repaired

第二部分 非谓语动词练习题答案：非谓语动词练习一。

1.1(1)Seen; (2)Seeing; (3)See; (4)To see 2.(1)to be examined; (2)to examine 3.(1)repair; (2)repaired 4.(1)knocked; (2)knocking 5(1)doing; (2)to do

6(1)heard; (2)Hearing 7.(1)understood; (2)understand 8.(1)to send; (2)to be sent 9.(1)to be held; (2)to hold 10.(1)being invited; (2)inviting 11.(1)Followed; (2)Following; (3)Follow 12.(1)making; (2)make; (3)make 13.(1)talking; (2)to talk 14.(1)crossing; (2)cross

15.(1)being discussed; (2)discussed; (3)to be discussed 16. (1)Followed; (2)following 17.(1)heated; (2)heat 18. 1)to carry; (2)carry 19.(1)giving up; (2)to give up 20.(1)invited; (2)will be invited

第三部分 复合句 第一节状语从句练习题答案:

1.ADC 2.AB 3.BCDA 4.ACDB 5.CDB 6. CA 7.ABC 8.BC

第三部分复合句 第二节名词从句练习题“2011-2013年高考名词从句试题”答案： 1-5BADDD 6-10CCADC 11-15CCCDA 16-20BABDD

21-25CCBBC 26-30ADCBC 31-35BBCAC 36-40DDCDD 41-43BCC

第三部分 复合句 第三节定语从句练习题答案:

1AB 2AB 3BC 4CA 5DC 6.CA 7CA 8CC 9BAA 10CA 11AB 12AB 13CD 14CD 15DC 16DCBAC 17DA 18DB 19DB 20DB

第四部分第一节主谓一致练习题答案

1-5BABAA 6-10CDBDB 11-15CDBCA 16-20ABBAB 21-25ABABA

第四部分 其他语法句法知识 第二节强调句和其他特殊句式练习题答案: 1-5DAACB 6-10DBDDB 11-15BADBA

第四部分第三节虚拟语气练习题答案: 1-5CDBAB 6-10CCDCB 11-15BCDCD

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