专四语法

比较等级的含义

英语中形容词与副词有三个比较等级,即原级,比较级和最高级。

一般来说, 表示等于时用原级。

Eg. I’m just as busy today as I was yesterday.

表示二者的比较时用比较级

eg. I’m much busier today than I was yesterday.

表示“最”时用最高级

Eg. That was the busiest day of my life.

存在句

形容词与副词比较等级的构成

构成 原级 比较级 最高级

单音节词尾加er, est great greater greatest

单音节词尾e, 加r, st fine finer finest

闭音节单音节词尾只

有一个辅音字母,双写 big bigger biggest

辅音字母加er,est

少数以y,er,ow, ble结尾

双音节词尾加er,est happy happier happiest

(y前为辅音字母去y加 clever cleverer cleverest

er,est)

其它双音节词和多

音节词,前加more, difficult more difficult most difficult

most

不规则变化

副词比较等级的构成

副词比较等级的构成大致与形容词比较等级的构成相同,但以后缀ly结尾的副词用more和most。

hard hardest hardest

early earlier earliest

quickly more quickly most quickly

不规则变化

形容词与副词比较等级的基本用法

A. 基本形式“as +原级+as” 结构

eg. He’s as tall as I.

B.否定的同级比较常用 not as… as或 not so … as

eg. He does not smoke so heavily as his brother.

C.变体

1) as + much/many + 名词+ as

2) as +形原级 + a + 名词 +as

3) as + 形+ 不可数名词+ as

4) 名词复数+as +形 + as

5) the same as/ be similar to

比较级

A.基本结构“比较级+than” 结构

eg.

He is taller than I .

She sees me more often than she sees her brother.

B.变体

1)形比较级 + 名 + than

2)名 + 形比较级 + than

3)the + 形比较级 + of + the two

4)superior/ inferior to

最高级

A. 常用“the +最高级+比较范围”

eg. This is the best picture in the hall.

He sings the best in the class.

B. 变体

1) more… than any other

2) Not … + 比较等级

关于比较结构用法的补充说明

1)more…than…是…而不是,与其说是…不如说是

eg.

She is more been than wise.

He is more a writer than an artist.

2) not so much …as与其说是…不如说是

eg. It wasn’t so much that I disliked her as that I just wasn’t interested.

3)not more/er than与 no more/er than

eg.

He is no richer than I= as poor as

He is not richer than I

4) more and more

eg. He is becoming fatter and fatter.

5). The more… the more…

eg. The harder she worked, the more progress she made.

6)more than 多于

eg. More than 1000 people attended the meeting.

7)more than 不止, 超过

eg. She is more than pretty.

8) more than 简直不

eg. My trip to Beijing is more than sightseeing.

并列结构

两个或两个以上意义相关、层次相同、句法功能也相同、并由并列连词或其他并列手段连接起来的语法结构序列叫做并列结构。

1. 并列结构的各种形式

1)词与词的并列 you and me

2)词组与词组的并列 a teacher and a student

3)分句与分句的并列 you can go or you can stay with us.

2. 并列结构的连接手段

1)并列连词

2)标点符号

3.并列结构的插入语

在最后一个项目之前插入一个词语,使这个项目处于更加突出的地位。

4.并列结构的对称组合

成对组合的办法使整个结构更加紧凑。

3. 并列连词的意义和用法

1.以and为代表的表示语义引申的并列连词

and, both…and, not only… but also, not…nor, neither…nor等。这一类并列连词在语义上表示其连接的成分是对前项的补充和引申,包括肯定和否定两种意义的引申。

And除表示语义增补外还有其他意义.还有一些and连接的语法结构形似并列结构实际并非并列结构.

Eg. This room is nice and warm. = ( nicely warm.) I’ll go and see my friend. = ( go to see)

2.以or 为代表的表示选择的并列连词

这类连词包括or和either…or

3.以but为代表的表示语义转折和对比的并列连词

这类连词包括but, not… but, while, whereas, only, yet.

4. 补充说明:

1) both…and 只连结成分不连接句子;只连对等结构

Eg. Both the student and the teacher are pleased to hear the news.

2) not only …but also连结成分和连接句子;只连对等结构

Eg.

Not only I but also he will take part in the meeting.

Not only did he help me, but also he sent me home.

3) either …or连结成分和连接句子;连对等结构或不对等结构

Eg.

Either you or I am going to shanghai.

He can either stay at home or leave.

He has either gone to the movies or ( gone to ) the theatre.

4) neither …nor连结成分和连接句子;连对等结构或不对等结构

Eg. He neither likes fiction nor (likes) poetry.

并列连词与连接性状语

And与moreover;furthermore what’s more …

Eg.

He is a good teacher and a good friend.

He is a good teacher. Moreover, he is a good friend.

but与however

or与otherwise

So与as a result , consequently …

存在句(There be)

存在句的结构特征

存在句的结构模式是:

There + be + NP + Locative Expression (+ Temporal Expression)

存在句的引导词

There在句中位于主语位置,实义主语是随后的名词词组,There起形式主语的作用,在疑问句中, 它和操作词倒装。注意存在句的引导词There和句首状语There的区别。

存在句的实义主语

实义主语的名词词组通常是非确定特指,即通常带有不定冠词、零冠词及其他非确定意义的限定词, some, any, many, much, a lot of, enough, little…基本句型凡带有非确定特指的名词词组, 一般都可用There 存在句转化。

存在句的谓语动词

存在句的谓语动词主要是动词be的某种形式, 分限定形式和非限定形式。

限定形式:一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成体、过去完成体和情态助动词+不定式。除be外, 某些表示存在意义的不及物动词如:exist, remain, occur, stand, lie.等,能用于there存在句。地点状语前移,there可省。

Eg.

There can be very little about his guilt.

There are many desks in the classroom.

There used to be a hospital round the corner.

There appears to be no doubt about it.

There stands a house behind the tree.

Behind the tree (there )stands a house.

存在句的非限定形式

1)存在句的非限定形式

there to be 和 there being结构

2)there to be 和 there being结构用法与区别

there to be:作for 介词补语

作动词(except, want, like, prefer, hate…)的宾语

eg.

They planned for there to be another meeting

Members like there to be plenty of choice.

there being : 作除for外的介词的补语

作主语和状语

eg.

John was relying on there being another opportunity.

There being a bus stop so near the house is a good advantage.

存在句的非限定形式与限定形式的转化

eg. For there to be so few people in the street was unusual. = It was unusual that there were so few people in the street.

It 句型

Revision:

1.

Basic structure:

There + be + subject + adverbial

2.

Non-finite structure

There to be --------- for ; Verb

There being ---------in,on….; noun; adverbial

There being a lawn extends from the river to the house.

There is a lawn extending from the river to the house.

There extends a lawn from the house to the river. (?)

From the house to the river lies a lawn.

From the wall comes the voice of the doctor.

It:

1.

Reference it:

Beijing is a big city. It is the capital of China.

2.

Non-reference it

A. Empty it

B. Anticipatory it

C. Cleft it

It 句型包括由“非指代性it”作型式主语的三种句子:第一种是以it作形式主语的表示时间、距离、天气等意义的句子;第二种是以it作先行主语的句子;第三种是以it作引导词的句。

Empty it

虚义it是一种非指代性it,以区别于人称代词it,常用作没有具体意义的主语,出现于表示气候、天气、温度、时间、地点、距离等意义的句子中。也用来表示一般的笼统的情况。也用于一些结构及习惯语中。

Eg.

It’s fine today, isn’t it.

It was dull when Mary was away.

It looks as if the college is very small.

Hop it. (Go away)

Anticipatory it

it用来充当形式主语或形式宾语,后面的真正主语或真正宾语通常是不定式结构、动名词或名词性分句。It的这种用法叫作先行it。

eg.

It is quite important for us to form a good studying habit.

I think it important to finish the task in time.

it用来充当形式主语,后置的真正主语往往可以取代先行it的位置,出现在句首。

Eg. To form a good studying habit is quite important for us

并非所有先行it结构都可转化,下边句子只能作如下转化。

eg.

It seems that John is not coming after all.

John doesn’t seem to be coming after all.

Cleft it :

Task

1. 句子的基本结构

2 .句的本质

3 . 句的结构

4 .假拟句

句子结构

主语+谓语

已知信息

新信息

末端中心

末端重心

Eg. I told him the news yesterday.

句的本质

Eg. I told him the news yesterday.

Eg. It is I that told him the news yesterday

it

句是以it为引导词的强调句型。它的结构形式是:It +be 的一定形式+中心成分+that /who分句。通过这种结构可以强调除谓语动词以外的大多数句子成分。说话人通过句分别强调主语、间接宾语、直接宾语、状语,使之成为信息中心。句中的谓语可以采取复杂形式

Eg.

It is I who am to blame.

It may have been at Christmas that John gave Mary a handbag.

It was in Shanghai that I got my Master’s Degree.

主语补语通常不作句的中心成分。宾语补语可以这样用。

*It is beautiful that she is.

It is Chairman of the committee that they elected him.

动词的强调形式

Do 的适当形式

Eg. I Do give you the book.

拟似句

Pesudo cleft

要强调谓语动词,就得采用另外一种强调句型。这种句型叫作拟似句。

拟似句的主语通常是由what引导的名词性分句,分句的主动词通常是do的一定形式。分句的主语补语根据主动词do的适当形式而采取相应的形式。

拟似句可采用下列几种形式

what分句+be + 动词的不定式eg. He gave her a book.------What he did was (to) give her a book.

what分句+be + 动词的分词He will be taking a plane to Beijing---What he will be doing is taking a plane to Beijing

He has finished his homework.----What he has done is finished(finish/to finish) his homework.

Pesudo - cleft

I gave him a letter.

What I did is give him a letter

do/did/does-------do

doing --------------doing

done ---------------done

what分句+be + 名词词组

名词词组+be+ what分句

Eg. He gave her a book.

What he gave her was a book.

A book was what he gave her.

Tag Question

He must be a clever boy, _______?

He must be studying in the room,____?

He must have worked hard last night, ____?

He must have finished his work, ____?

He said he would go with Mary, _____?

If he had worked hard, he would have passed the examination, ____?

I think he is a good student, ____?

I don’t think he is a good student, ___?

You have a new book, ____?

He had to go now,____?

I have read the book , ____?

Mary has milk for breakfast everyday,____?

We used to live in the country,___?

We never used to live in the country, ___?

There be

There is a book on the desk.

There is a book and two pens on the desk.

There ____( come ) the last bus .

There ____(go) the last spoon of ice-cream.

There to be & there being

Because there was no further business, we decided to go home .

There being no further business, we decided to go home .

For there to be a bus station , it is a great advantage to us.

As/ Because there is a ….

It 句型

末端中心

末端重心

已知信息

新信息

句的本质

I gave him a book.

It was a book that I gave him.

并列结构

Both… and 只连接词与词组

Not only … but also; either …or ; neither…nor 不但连接词与词组,还可连接句子

Both..and , not only…but also 必须连接对等结构

either …or ; neither…nor可连接不对等结构

I neither like novels nor (like) poems.

倒装

固定语序

主语+谓语

后置

1.句尾焦点和句尾重心

2.关键词语的后置

前置与倒装

1)不引起倒装的前置

不引起倒装的前置成分通常是宾语、主语补语和宾语补语。

2) 引起倒装的前置:

主语补语前置时,如主语较长或结构较复杂,就会引起倒装。

前置宾语由not a + 名词或 not a single + 名词,就会引起倒装

A horrible mess I have made of it.

Books, I need.

Happy indeed I am

Happy indeed are those who got the tickets to Beijing.

倒装

某些状语的前置会引起倒装: 全部倒装和部分倒装

a. 句首状语为方位词或拟声词,谓语动词为go, come等表示位置转移的动态动词时,通常用全部倒装,主语为代词,不用倒装。

Eg. Lower and lower he bent.

b. 当句首状语为表地点的介词词组时,也会引起全部倒装。

Eg. From the wall comes the voice of the doctor.

c. 当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时,一般引起局部倒装。

Eg. Nowhere else could you find so cheap books.

d. 当句首状语为only + 副词, only +介词词组, only + 状语分句构成,也可引起局部倒装。

Eg. Only through sheer luck did he manage to get some tickets.

e. 以关联连词so (…that)开头的句子,引起局部倒装。so+形容词是主语补语的前置;so+副词是状语的前置。

Eg. So small was the mark that I could hardly see it.

f. 当方式状语、频度状语等移至句首时,有时也引起局部倒装。也可不用倒装。

Eg.

Many a time has Mike given me good advice.

Slowly and impressively he rose from his seat.

当我被上帝造出来时，上帝问我想在人间当一个怎样的人，我不假思索的说，我要做一个伟大的世人皆知的人。于是，我降临在了人间。

我出生在一个官僚知识分子之家，父亲在朝中做官，精读诗书，母亲知书答礼，温柔体贴，父母给我去了一个好听的名字：李清照。

小时侯，受父母影响的我饱读诗书，聪明伶俐，在朝中享有“神童”的称号。小时候的我天真活泼，才思敏捷，小河畔，花丛边撒满了我的诗我的笑，无可置疑，小时侯的我快乐无虑。

“兴尽晚回舟，误入藕花深处。争渡，争渡，惊起一滩鸥鹭。”青春的我如同一只小鸟，自由自在，没有约束，少女纯净的心灵常在朝阳小，流水也被自然洗礼，纤细的手指拈一束花，轻抛入水，随波荡漾，发髻上沾着晶莹的露水，双脚任水流轻抚。身影轻飘而过，留下一阵清风。

可是晚年的我却生活在一片黑暗之中，家庭的衰败，社会的改变，消磨着我那柔弱的心。我几乎对生活绝望，每天在痛苦中消磨时光，一切都好象是灰暗的。“寻寻觅觅冷冷清清凄凄惨惨戚戚”这千古叠词句就是我当时心情的写照。

最后，香消玉殒，我在痛苦和哀怨中凄凉的死去。

在天堂里，我又见到了上帝。上帝问我过的怎么样，我摇摇头又点点头，我的一生有欢乐也有坎坷，有笑声也有泪水，有鼎盛也有衰落。我始终无法客观的评价我的一生。我

原以为做一个着名的人，一生应该是被欢乐荣誉所包围，可我发现我错了。于是在下一轮回中，我选择做一个平凡的人。

我来到人间，我是一个平凡的人，我既不着名也不出众，但我拥有一切的幸福：我有温馨的家，我有可亲可爱的同学和老师，我每天平凡而快乐的活着，这就够了。

天儿蓝蓝风儿轻轻，暖和的春风带着春的气息吹进明亮的教室，我坐在教室的窗前，望着我拥有的一切，我甜甜的笑了。我拿起手中的笔，不禁想起曾经作诗的李清照，我虽然没有横溢的才华，但我还是拿起手中的笔，用最朴实的语言，写下了一时的感受：

人生并不总是完美的，每个人都会有不如意的地方。这就需要我们静下心来阅读自己的人生，体会其中无尽的快乐和与众不同。

“富不读书富不久，穷不读书终究穷。”为什么从古到今都那么看重有学识之人？那是因为有学识之人可以为社会做出更大的贡献。那时因为读书能给人带来快乐。

自从看了《丑小鸭》这篇童话之后，我变了，变得开朗起来，变得乐意同别人交往，变得自信了……因为我知道：即使现在我是只“丑小鸭”，但只要有自信，总有一天我会变成“白天鹅”的，而且会是一只世界上最美丽的“白天鹅”……

我读完了这篇美丽的童话故事，深深被丑小鸭的自信和乐观所折服，并把故事讲给了外婆听，外婆也对童话带给我们的深刻道理而惊讶不已。还吵着闹着多看几本名着。于是我给外婆又买了几本名着故事，她起先自己读，读到不认识的字我就告诉她，如果这一面生字较多，我就读给她听整个一面。渐渐的，自己的语文阅读能力也提高了不少，与此同时我也发现一个人读书的乐趣远不及两个人读的乐趣大，而两个人读书的乐趣远不及全家

一起读的乐趣大。于是，我便发展“业务”带动全家一起读书……现在，每每遇到好书大家也不分男女老少都一拥而上，争先恐后“抢书”，当我说起我最小应该让我的时候，却没有人搭理我。最后还把书给撕坏了，我生气地哭了，妈妈一边安慰我一边对外婆说：“孩子小，应该让着点。”外婆却不服气的说：“我这一把年纪的了，怎么没人让我呀？”大家人你一言我一语，谁也不肯相让……读书让我明白了善恶美丑、悲欢离合，读一本好书，犹如同智者谈心、谈理想，教你辨别善恶，教你弘扬正义。读一本好书，如品一杯香茶，余香缭绕。读一本好书，能使人心灵得到净化。书是我的老师，把知识传递给了我；书是我的伙伴，跟我诉说心里话；书是一把钥匙，给我敞开了知识的大门；书更是一艘不会沉的船，引领我航行在人生的长河中。其实读书的真真乐趣也就在于此处，不是一个人闷头苦读书；也不是读到好处不与他人分享，独自品位；更不是一个人如痴如醉地沉浸在书的海洋中不能自拔。而是懂得与朋友，家人一起分享其中的乐趣。这才是读书真正之乐趣呢！这所有的一切，不正是我从书中受到的教益吗？

我阅读，故我美丽；我思考，故我存在。我从内心深处真切地感到：我从读书中受到了教益。当看见有些同学宁可买玩具亦不肯买书时，我便想到培根所说的话：“世界上最庸俗的人是不读书的人，最吝啬的人是不买书的人，最可怜的人是与书无缘的人。”许许多多的作家、伟人都十分喜欢看书，例如，他半边床上都是书，一读起书来便进入忘我的境界。

书是我生活中的好朋友，是我人生道路上的航标，读书，读好书，是我无怨无悔的追求。