巧学活记虚拟语气

在高中英语学习阶段，学生普遍感到学习虚拟语气这一语法项目的难度较大。笔者也在教学实践中发现，很多学生在解答有关虚拟语气的题目时，总是无从下手。而在2003年国家教育部制定的《普通高中英语课程标准（实验）》中，明确将“虚拟语气”作为学生必须掌握的语法项目，列为八级要求，这更加体现出了虚拟语气这一语法项目在高中英语教学中的重要性，这也要求学生必须要掌握好虚拟语气的各种用法。为此，笔者尝试通过巧学活记的方法来使学生学习虚拟语气，经过半年多的实践，取得了良好的效果。

为帮助学生从整体上理解“虚拟语气”这一语法项目，笔者将虚拟语气的用法主要归为3类：条件虚拟语气；含有should的虚拟语气；需向前推一个时态的虚拟语气。 一、条件虚拟语气

对条件虚拟语气的用法考查，在历年高考英语试题中经常出现。学生需要掌握基本的三种条件虚拟语气句：对现在表示虚拟；对过去表示虚拟；对将来表示虚拟。 （见附表，节选自曲一线2008B版《5年高考3年模拟（英语）》P92） 例如：

If I were you, I would refuse the money. would have dropped by if we had time.

If you came / were to come / should come tomorrow, I would give the book to you. 当然，除了基本用法外，学生还需注意以下两点： 1. if 省略句

在条件虚拟语气句中可省略if, 把were, had, should提到句首，变为倒装句式。 例如：

If I were you, I would take his advice. → Were I you, I would take his advice.

If he had been in your position, he?蒺d probably have done the same. → Had he been in your position, you?蒺d probably have done the same. 2. 错综虚拟语气（混合虚拟语气）

当条件句是表示对过去的虚拟，而主句是表示对现在的虚拟，这种情况下则用错综虚拟语气（混合虚拟语气）。 例如：

If you had followed your advice, you would be better now. If you had studied hard before, you would be a college student. 二、含有should的虚拟语气

含有should的虚拟语气的用法可分为两类：用于表示建议、愿望、命令等词后的宾语从句中；用于其它名词性从句中（包括主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句等）。

1. 用于表示建议、愿望、命令等词后的宾语从句中，可以归纳为“一坚持(insist)，二命令

(order, command)，三建议(advise, suggest, propose)，四要求(demand, desire, require, request)”。 例如：

He suggested that we (should) start off early the next day. They insisted that the boy (should)go with them.

2. 用于名词性从句中，其用法可以归纳为：It?蒺s necessary / important / strange / natural / essential... + that +从句，或者在suggestion, proposal, order, idea, advice等名词后的表语从句或同位语从句中用虚拟语气，从句中的“should”可以省略。 例如：

It?蒺s strange that he should have acted toward his parents like that. My idea is that we should think it over before accepting it.

We all agreed to his suggestion that we should go to Dalian for sightseeing. 三、需要向前推一个时态的虚拟语气

需要向前推一个时态的虚拟语气大致可分为五类：I wish+从句, It?蒺s time +从句，I?蒺d rather+从句, 主句+ as if +从句，If only+从句。 例如：

I wish I were a bird. It?蒺s time we left.

I?蒺d rather you came tomorrow. He behaved as if nothing had happened. If only I had followed your advice.

另外，还有一种是含有特殊介词或连词的含蓄虚拟语气(otherwise, but for, without等)，是指句中没有明显的虚拟条件句，而只是将虚拟语气暗含在上下文中。 例如：

But for the rain, we would have finished the task. Without your help, we wouldn?蒺t have finished the job.

此外，笔者还总结、归纳出有关虚拟语气的基本用法口诀：3种用法要牢记——条件从句有3种从句（现在、过去、将来）和错综与倒装；should有4种动词（一坚持二命令三建议四要求）和名从（名词性从句）；推前时态有5种（wish, time, would rather, as if还有if only）；最后勿忘还有特殊介连词如otherwise, but for, without等。

笔者惊喜地发现，通过巧学活记虚拟语气的基本用法口诀，学生很好地掌握了虚拟语气这一较难的语法项目。而且在接下来的各类测试中，学生在虚拟语气考题上的得分率也有了很大提高。

作者单位：江苏省震泽中学