考研英语模拟试卷164(题后含答案及解析)

考研英语模拟试卷164 (题后含答案及解析)

题型有：1. Use of English 2. Reading Comprehension 3. Writing

Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points)

1． Digital photography is still new enough that most of us have yet to form an opinion about it, much less (1)_____ a point of view. But this hasn’t stopped many film and computer fans from agreeing (2)_____ the early (3)_____ wisdom about digital cameras—they’re neat (4)_____ for your PC, but they’re not suit able for everyday picture-taking. The fans are wrong: more than anything else, digital cameras are radically (5)_____ what photography means and what it can be. The venerable medium of photography as we know (6)_____ is beginning to seem out of (7)_____ with the way we live. In our computer and camcorder culture, saving pictures (8)_____ digital files and watching them on TV is no less (9)_____ and in many ways more (10)_____ than fumbling with rolls of film that must be sent off to be (11)_____. Paper is also terribly (12)_____ Pictures that are incorrectly framed, focused, or lighted are nonetheless (13)_____ to film and ultimately processed into prints. The digital medium changes the (14)_____. Still images that are (15)_____ digitally can immediately be shown on a computer monitor, TV screen, or a small liquid-crystal display (LCD) built right into the camera. And since the points of light that (16)_____ an image are saved as a series of digital bits in (17)_____ memory, (18)_____ being permanently etched onto film, they can be erased, retouched, and transmitted on-line. What’s it like to (19)_____ with one of these digital cameras? It’s a little like a first date—exciting, confusing and fraught with (20)_____.

A．refute B．evaluate C．represent D．develop

正确答案：D

解析：空白前说我们没有”form an opinion”，更别说...a point of view。也就是说我们连想法都没有，更别说一种具体的观点了。这里”a point of view”前面的动词应该与”form”类似，develop意为”展开，发挥，阐述”，与文意相符。refute驳斥，反驳，明显不符文意；evaluate评估，这里是讲人们没有形成自己的观点，上下文语境并没有涉及到评估什么人的观点；represent表现，象征，放在这里也不合逻辑。

2． A．of B．to

C．with D．on

正确答案：D

解析：agree on对…取得一致意见。如：We agree on this count．在这一点上，我们的意见一致。句意：但这种情况并不妨碍摄影和电脑爱好者认同对数码相机的一般认识，即它是微机的附属装置，但不适用于日常摄影。agree of无此搭配；agree to同意，许诺，一般表示赞同某项计划或某人意见；agree with sb，同意某人的话。

3．

A．conventional B．profound C．collective D．perfect

正确答案：A 解析：从破折号后的内容可以判断，这里作者提出关于数码相机的一般认识，为下文反驳这种观点作铺垫。conventional意为”常规的，一般的”，与文意相符。文中是要批驳这种观点，因此不会是”profound”或”perfect”。而collective强调是大家共同拥有(如collective wisdom集体智慧)，而文中强调的是常规的，一般的观点。

4．

A．auxiliaries B．components C．hardwares D．apparatus

正确答案：A

解析：auxiliaries附件，附加设备。如：camera auxiliary摄像机附件。数码相机可以与PC连接，但不是PC的组成部分，只可算是PC的附件。因为数码相机不是PC的一部分，因此不能用components或hardware。而apparatus没有表现出数码相机与PC的关系，也不能选。

5．

A．prescribing B．adjusting C．redesigning D．redefining

正确答案：D 解析：redefining重新定义(含改变之意)。句意：这些爱好者的看法是错误的：最重要的是，数码相机从根本上重新界定了摄影的意义及其可能的形态。

prescribing规定，一般用于权威机构对某规则的规定；adjusting调整，本词一般用于微小的变化，而本处是指根本性的变化。redesigning重新设计，这里与设计问题无关。

6． A．it B．that C．which D．as

正确答案：A 解析：it指代the venerable medium of photography。as we know it就我们所知，在这里作插入语。句意：就我们所知，摄影这一历史悠久的媒体似乎与我们的生活方式开始不一致了。

7．

A．action B．step C．touch D．place

正确答案：B 解析：step步伐，脚步。out of step不一致，不协调。如：He is out of step with modern life．他与现代生活格格不入。out of touch with...和…不联系；out of action失去作用，损坏；out of place不合适，不在合适的位置。

8． A．like B．as C．for D．into

正确答案：B

解析：此处语境意为：以”digital files”的形式存储相片，as有”以…形式(身份)”的含义，放在这里正确。其余三项均没无法与save连用构成此含义。

9．

A．valuable B．useful

C．economical D．practical

正确答案：D

解析：本句在谈数码相机的优点，显然”saving pictures as digital files and

watching them on TV”都是数码相机的新功能，也是非常实用的功能，由此分析四个选项，不难看出”practical”正确。valuable有价值的、useful有用的、economical经济的，均不能反映该功能的特点。

10．

A．common B．complex C．appealing D．annoying

正确答案：C

解析：上文说到数码相机的功能实用，并说在某些方面更…。这里选的词应该比”practical”更进一步说明数码相机的优点，appealing吸引入的，符合题意。common普通的，平常的；complex复杂的，错综的；annoying恼人的，讨厌的；这三项都没有赞扬的含义。

11． A．loaded B．processed C．exposed D．rewound

正确答案：B 解析：processed处理，冲洗。如：One has to process a photographic film to print pictures from it. 必须先冲洗照相底片才能印出相片。loaded装(胶卷)；又如：load a camera(with film)把胶卷装入照相机；exposed使曝光，使感光；又如：This film has been exposed．这张胶片已经曝光了。rewound倒卷。

12．

A．unnecessary B．uncharitable C．unworthy D．unforgiving

正确答案：D

解析：unforgiving不原谅人的，不饶恕人的，无情的。unforgiving的英文注释为”providing little or no opportunity to prevent undesired results or mistake”，即”几乎不给人机会来避免不愿出现的结果或错误”。句意：传统摄影 (相纸)不容出半点差错。这个句子中运用了提喻(synecdoche)的修辞方法(以局部代表全部和以全部指部分，如以bread代表food；用the army代表a soldier)，”paper”代表传统的摄影，因为传统摄影的最终结果是用相纸冲成的照片。unnecessary不必要；uncharitable严厉的，无情的；unworthy不值得的。

13．

A．faithful B．loyal C．dedicated D．committed

正确答案：D

解析：commit to交付，把…投入。句意：虽然有些照片的取景、焦距或光线不适当，还要冲成底片并最终印成照片。传统照相在技术指标上要求很严格，即使取景、焦距、曝光不合适的拍摄也须最终送去冲印才能看到结果。faithful to忠心于；loyal to忠诚于；dedicated to献给。nonetheless尽管如此。如：He was very tired，nonetheless(nevertheless) he kept working．他很累，不过他仍然继续工作。

14．

A．directions B．rules

C．disciplines D．doctrines

正确答案：B

解析：rules规则，惯例。句意：数码摄影改变了这一规则。directions方向，指令，文中是指数码摄影不必受到上一段提到的普通摄影的限制，这与方向(趋势)或者上级的指令无关；disciplines纪律；doctrines教条，学说。

15．

A．viewed B．captured C．displayed D．drawn

正确答案：B

解析：capture image(IT常用语)抓拍图像，用特殊扫描方法从文件的一个区域中获取图像。句意：用数码技术拍摄的影像可立即在微机监视器、电视机屏幕和相机内置的小液晶显示屏上重现。viewed观看；displayed显示；drawn画。

16．

A．comprise B．consist C．constitute D．include

正确答案：C 解析：constitute=make up=form构成，组成；如：Seven days constitutes a week；一星期有七天。comprise=consist of=include=be made up of包含，由…组成；如：The US compromises 50 states．美国由五十个州组成。This plan consists of three

parts．这个计划包括三个部分。include包括。句意：而且由于组成影像的光点是以数码单位形式储存在电子记忆器里，而不是永久地附着在胶片上，所以可对其进行删节、修描和网上传输。

17．

A．electronic B．limited C．short

D．photographic

正确答案：A 解析：electronic电子的。memory记忆，存储，存储器；如：photographic memory照片存储器；short memory健忘。根据上文提到的digital bits能够判断出答案。

18．

A．less than B．much less C．apart from D．rather than

正确答案：D

解析：此处语境意为：可以将电子内存里的图像删除、修描，而不是”being permanently etched onto film”。故rather than(是…而不是)正确。less than 少于；much less更不用说；apart from除此之外。

19．

A．discharge B．shoot

C．manipulate D．work

正确答案：B

解析：shoot为…拍照，拍摄。如：shoot a film拍摄影片；shoot a take拍摄一个镜头。discharge开炮；manipulate操作。

20．

A．feasibilities B．possibilities C．lucks D．chances

正确答案：B

解析：possibilities可能性。feasibilities可行性，可能性；lucks运气；chances机会。句意：有点像初次约会—兴奋、不知所措而结果却难以预料。fraught充

满的，如：fraught with danger充满危险；The journey was fraught with difficulties．旅途充满艰辛。

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)

Americans are now flying the crowded, cranky skies. Flight delays in January were the worst for that month since 1999. Weather is always the primary cause of delays. Add to that the US Airways Christmas baggage meltdown and Comair’s computer failure, the combination of which left hundreds of thousands of fliers stranded at airports. But airline employees see a deeper reason for both the increase in delays and passenger complaints: a demoralized and frustrated workforce that’s being asked to do more even as it’s getting paidless. The airlines and unions are quick to praise their workers for rising to the challenge during these very difficult times, as well as for carrying the brunt of the cost cutting. But unease is growing within the ranks. And passengers have noticed. For instance, some of the so-called older carriers now require gate agents to clean the planes as well as check people in. So some passengers have found themselves without a customer-service agent to talk to until just before the plane leaves. Pilots find themselves stuck at the gate because their crew of flight attendants has already worked as long as the FAA would allow them to. “They’ve cut employees to such a degree that they don’t have enough employees to do the job and serve the customers properly,” says one pilot. The major airlines contend that’s not the case at all. Jeff Green, a spokesman for United Airlines, says the major carriers have shrunk significantly since 9/11. While there are far fewer employees, the airline also has far fewer flights. He also notes that United has had its best on-time performance in the past two years and that fraternal gauges of customer satisfaction are up. “What our employees are going through is not having an effect on our customer service,” says Mr. Green. Employees on the front line tell a different story. “They’re just closing the doors and releasing the brake so they can report an on time departure, when in reality they may still be loading cargo for 30 minutes.” Aviation experts contend that if that’s the case, the major airlines may find even more challenges ahead. As their fare structures and prices come closer to those of the successful low-cost carriers, customer service will become even more crucial in determining which airlines succeed. “The way you’re treated on the plane speaks a lot as to whether you’ll fly that airline again,” says Helane Becket, an airline analyst. “It’s not the be-all and end-all. It’s not going to put an airline out of business. But it’s not going to help it a lot either if they’re already in trouble.”

21． Airline delays may result in A．Christmas baggage meltdown. B．the sharp reduction of flights. C．airline companies’ bankruptcy. D．the interruption of passenger flow.

正确答案：D

解析：本题问航班延误可能导致的结果。第一段末句”...the combination of which left hundreds of thousands of fliers stranded at airports”．说明航班延误使旅客滞留在机场。故”旅客流动的中断”正确。圣诞包裹积压；航班锐减：因果倒置。航空公司破产：过于严重，属过度推理。

22． The employees might think, if airline delay is to be avoided, the key factor is

A．cost-cutting.

B．sophisticated workers. C．high-spirited crew. D．good customer service.

正确答案：C 解析：本题问雇员认为避免航班延误的关键因素可能是什么。第二段说，”But airline employees see a deeper reason for both the increase in delays...：a demoralized and frustrated workforce that’s being asked to do more even as it’s getting paid less”，因此解决问题的关键因素是提高员工情绪，故”情绪高涨的员工”正确。削减成本：第三段第一句说，”The airlines and unions are quick to praise their workers for...carrying the brunt of the cost cutting”。降低成本是造成员工情绪低落的原因之一，要加大投入才有助于问题的解决。熟练员工：常识上认为熟练员工可以提高工作效率从而解决航班延误问题，但雇员认为造成航班延误的根本原因是员工的情绪低落而不是员工的工作熟练程度。良好的客服：雇员并未提及客服与航班延误有什么关系。

23． The example mentioned in paragraph 3 shows that A．largely reducing staff is not wise. B．cost cutting is not necessary.

C．customers are not taken seriously.

D．flight attendants are overloaded by FAA.

正确答案：A

解析：本题问第三段中的例子说明什么。第三段中提到”So some passengers have found themselves without a customer-service agent to talk to...”，表明裁员造成乘客服务质量的下降。”...their crew of flight attendants has already worked as long as the FAA would allow them to”．人员减少使得员工工作时间延长。”They’ve cut employees to such a degree that they don’t have enough employees to do the job and serve the customers properly”说明大量的裁员导致人手不足；其结果是不能完成工作任务及为旅客提供良好的服务，故”大量裁员是不明智的”正确。成本削减是不必要的：例子中所强调的是人员短缺所引起的后果，所以只能说裁员不明智，不能说任何成本削减都没必要。乘客没有被认真地对待：文中员工无暇顾及乘客服务是由于人手不足造成的而不是员工的工作态度。FAA使航班人员超负荷工作：第三段第六句提到”...their crew of flight attendants has already worked as long as

the FAA would allow them to”，说明员工的工作时间已达到FAA所允许的极限。正是由于有了FAA制定的工作负荷极限，才使得超负荷工作的现象没有出现。

24． In the eyes of Green, United Airlines A．is not experiencing a difficult time. B．faces rising customer demands. C．has fewer opponents after 9/11.

D．provides good service despite fewer workers.

正确答案：D

解析：本题问Green对联合航空公司的看法。第四段”...there are fewer employees,...United has had its best on-time performance in the past two years and that internal gauges of customer satisfaction are up”．”What our employees are going through is not having an effect on our customer service...”说明在Green看来，人员的减少并未对客户服务工作造成干扰。故”虽然人员减少但仍能提供良好的服务”正确。没有处在困难时期：第四段第二句”...the major carriers have shrunk significantly since 9/11”．第三句”... the airline also has far fewer flight”都说明民航业正处于一个比较困难的时期。面对着旅客提出的越来越高的要求：第四段第四句提到”...internal gauges of customer satisfaction are up.” (旅客满意的内部标准提高了)，这里指的是民航公司对旅客满意度评估的标准提高了，而不是说旅客提出更高要求。在9/11之后对手变少：第四段第二句”...the major carriers have shrunk significantly since 9/11”，说明整个民航业都受到影响而”缩水”，而不是对手减少。

25． Aviation experts believe that the customer service of the major airlines A．is of little importance.

B．is close to that of low cost carriers. C．decides whether they will survive. D．should not be ignored.

正确答案：D

解析：本题问民航专家对大航空公司旅客服务的看法。文中提到，你在飞机上所受的待遇和你下一次选乘哪家航空公司的班机有很大关系。这是强调服务质量的重要。然后又说，虽然说服务不能代表一切(be-all)，或者终结一切(end-all)，服务不好也不会使航空公司破产，但当公司处于困境时，服务不好就帮不上什么大忙，这在婉转之中也道出了服务的重要。总之，客服虽然不能起决定性作用，但也起重大作用。因此”不应该被忽视”正确。不重要：和文意相反。和廉价航空公司的服务接近：文中说的是大航空公司的票价和廉价航空公司很接近，和旅客服务属于不同范畴。将决定公司能否生存下去：语气过重。

This election year, the debate over cloning technology has become a circus—and hardly anybody has noticed the gorilla hiding in the tent. Even while President Bush has, endorsed throwing scientists in jail to stop “reckless experiments”, it’s just possible the First Amendment will protect researchers who want to perform cloning research. Dr. Leon Kass, the chairman of the President’s Council on Bioethics,

would like to keep that a secret. “I don’t want to encourage such thinking,” he said. But the notion that the First Amendment creates a “right to research” has been around for a long time, and Kass knows it. In 1977, four eminent legal scholars—Thomas Emerson, Jerome Barton, Walter Berns and Harold P. Green—were asked to testify before the House Subcommittee on Science, Technology and Space. At the time, there was alarm in the country over recombinant DNA. Some people feared clones, designer babies, a plague of superbacteria. The committee wanted to know if the federal government should, or could, restrict the science. “Certainly the overwhelming tenor of the testimony was in favor of protecting it,” Barron, who now teaches at George Washington University, recalls. Berns, a conservative political scientist, was forced to agree. He didn’t like this conclusion, be muse he feared the consequences of tinkering with nature, but even after consulting with Kass before his testimony, he told Congress that “the First Amendment protected this kind of research.” Today, he believes it protects cloning experiments as well. Law-review articles written at the time supported Berns, and so would a report issued by Congress’s Office of Technology Assessment (O. T.A). But the courts never got the chance to face the fight-to-research issue squarely. An oversight body called the Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee, formed by the National Institutes of Health, essentially allowed science to police itself. So the discussion was submerged. Until now. Why legal scholars would defend the right to research is hardly mysterious. The founding fathers passionately defended scientific and academic freedom, and the Supreme Court has traditionally had a high regard for it. But why would the right to read, write and speak as you please extend to the right to experiment in the lab? Neoconservatives like Kass have emphasized the need to maintain a fixed conception of human nature. But the O.T.A. directly addressed this in a 1981 report. “Even if the rationale.., were expanded to include situations where knowledge threatens fundamental cultural values about the nature of man, control of research for such a reason probably would not be constitutionally permissible.” The government can restrict speech if it can prove a “compelling interest,” like public safety or national security. But courts have set that bar very high. Unlike, say, an experiment that releases smallpox into the wind to study how it spreads, which could be banned, embryo research presents no readily apparent danger to public health or security. And if that’s the case, scientists who wish to create stem cells by cloning might have a new source of succor: the U.S. Constitution.

26． The views of Kass and O.T.A. on cloning research are A．identical. B．similar.

C．complementary. D．opposite.

正确答案：D

解析：本题问Kass和O.T.A.对克隆研究的态度怎样。第二段提到”But the notion that the First Amendment creates a ‘right to research’...and Kass knows it”可知第一修正案对克隆研究有保护作用，但是”Dr．Leon Kass...would like to keep

that a secret”可知Kass不想让人们知道有法律在保护克隆研究，也就是说他不赞成对克隆的研究加以保护；而第三段提到Berns承认第一修正案保护克隆，又提到”Law-review articles...supported Berns，and so would a report issued by...(O.T.A.)”．也就是说O.T.A.支持Betas的看法，即第一修正案支持克隆研究。而且第五段”But the O.T.A. directly addressed...Even if the rationale...control of research...would not be constitutionally permissible”也明确表明O.T.A.反对对克隆研究的控制。因此”(两者的观点)相反的”正确。相同的；相似的；互补的：均错。

27． Which of the following is strongly against cloning research? A．The National Institutes of Health. B．The federal government. C．The supreme court.

D．Congress’s office of Technology Assessment.

正确答案：B

解析：本题问以下哪个机构坚决反对克隆研究。首段提出”Even while President Bush has...to stop ‘reckless experiments’”。由此可知布什总统所代表的联邦政府是强烈反对克隆研究的。因此”联邦政府”为正确答案。全国健康联合会：第三段倒数第三句提到”An oversight body...formed by the National Institutes of Health，essentially allowed science to police itself．”由此可知全国健康联合会主张让科学界进行自律，言下之意是政府不应该限制克隆技术的研究，同时也赞成保护克隆研究。最高法院：第四段提到”The founding fathers...defended scientific and academic freedom，and the Supreme Court...had a high regard for it”由此可知最高法院高度赞扬科学和学术自由，亦即对包括克隆研究在内的科学研究持保护态度。国会科技评估办公室：在第五段O.T.A.直截了当地说”Even if...control of research...would not be constitutionally permissible”．这表明O.T.A赞成保护克隆研究。

28． The word “it”(Para. 2) most probably refers to A．the First Amendment. B．cloning experiment. C．the US government. D．recombinant DNA.

正确答案：D

解析：本题问第二段第八行的”it”最有可能指的是什么。从”it”所在句的前一句”The committee wanted to know if the federal government should，or could，restrict the science”，可知”it”指代的是”the science”。而从上文”In l977，there was alarm in the country over recombinant DNA”，可知”the science”具体指的是”recombinant DNA”。因此”重组DNA”为正确答案。第一修正案：文章讨论的是第一修正案是否应该允许克隆研究，因此，保护”第一修正案”没有意义。克隆实验：第二段中提到的”Some people feared clones，designer babies，a plague of superbacteria”．说的是人们害怕”recombinant DNA”，即”the science”可能带来的一系列后果。正是为了避免这些事物，包括”clones”的产生，”the committee”才想要政府限

制”recombinant DNA”。当时还没有”clone experiment”，所以也谈不上保护它。况且在这里”clones，designer babies，a plague of superbacteria”三个事物并无主次之分，因此单提保护克隆实验逻辑上讲不通。美国政府：”The committee wanted to know if the federal government should，or could，restrict the science”表明”the committee”希望政府限制”the science”，但文中并未给出当时政府对”the science”如何限制，即文中并未谈到政府的立场，因此说支持政府在此没有根据。

29． It is broadly accepted that by the First Amendment, cloning experiments should be

A．funded by the government. B．restricted by laws.

C．protected to some extent. D．discussed thoroughly.

正确答案：C

解析：本题问人们普遍认为，根据第一修正案克隆研究应该怎样。第二段指出”But the notion that the First Amendment creates a ‘right to research’...”表明修正案提出了一项研究的权利，文章多次提到很多机构和个人都认为克隆研究应受到修正案的保护，因此”在某种程度上被保护”正确。政府资助；被充分讨论：在文中都没有提及。被法律所限制：正好与文章意思相反，故错。

30． The author considers that in the case of cloning experiments, the First Amendment

A．plays a crucial supporting role.

B．derives from scientific development. C．is highly spoken of by the government. D．ignores the danger of a restless society.

正确答案：A 解析：本题问作者对第一修正案的看法。末段末句谈到”scientists who wish to create stem cells by cloning might have a new source of succor：the U.S. Constitution”，这里”Constitution”在本文中指的就是第一修正案，也就是说第一修正案对于科研实验有支持保护作用，这也正是本篇文章的中心，因此”具有关键性的支持作用”为正确选项。源于科学发展：文中虽然谈到美国建国的先辈们重视学术自由，但并没有指出是因为科学发展而制定的第一修正案。实际上第一修正案涉及宗教自由、言论自由、出版自由，并不仅仅与科学有关。受到政府的高度评价：文中未提到政府对于第一修正案的态度。忽视了社会不安定的危险：文中并未谈到社会的安定问题。

Without an oversized calendar tacked to their kitchen wall,-Fern Reiss and her family could never keep track of all the meetings, appointments, home-schooling lessons, and activities that fill their busy days. “I’m not sure they make a calendar large enough for us,” says Ms. Reiss of Newton, Mass., explaining that her life revolves around “two companies, three children, a spouse, a lot of community

involvement, a social life l the kids’ social life, and volunteering in a soup kitchen every week.” “Everybody we know is leading a frenetic life,” she adds. ‘“Ours is frenetic, too, but we’re spending the bulk of our time with our kids. Even though we’re having a crazy life, we’re having it in the right way. Although extreme busyness is hardly a new phenomenon, the subject is getting renewed attention from researchers. “A good life has to do with life having a direction, life having a narrative with the stories we tell ourselves,” Chuck Darrah, an anthropologist, says. “Busyness fragments all that. We’re absolutely focused on getting through the next hour, the next day, the next week. It does raise questions: If not busyness, what? If we weren’t so busy, what would we be doing? If people weren’t so busy, would they be a poet, a painter?” For the Reisses, part of living a good life, however busy, means including the couple’s children in volunteer work and community activities. “We want the kids to see that that’s a priority,” she says. Between working full time as a publicist, caring for her home, spending time with her husband and extended family, and helping her grandmother three times a week, a woman says, “I am exhausted all the time.” Like others, she concedes that she sets “somewhat unrealistic expectations” for what she can accomplish in a day. Being realistic is a goal Darrah encourages, saying, “We can do everything, but we can’t do everything well and at the same time.” He cautions that busyness can result in “poor decisions, sloppy quality, and neglect of the things and people that matter most in the long run.” He advises: “Stop taking on so much, and keep in perspective what’s most important to you.” Darrah’s own schedule re mains full, but he insists he does not feel busy. His secret? Confining activities to things he must do and those he wants to do. He and his wife do not overschedule their children. To those with one eye on the calendar and the other on the clock, Darrah offers this advice: “Before you take anything on, ask yourself: Do you have to do this? Do you want to do this? Live with a kind of mindfulness so you don’t wake up and discover that your life is a whirl of transportation and communication, and you’ve hollowed yourself out.”

31． The author would describe the Reisses’ life as A．crazy and meaningless. B．tedious but orderly. C．hasty and messy. D．busy but sensible.

正确答案：D

解析：本题问作者如何描述赖斯的生活。从首段首句”...the meetings，appointments，home-schooling lessons，and activities that fill their busy days.”及第二句都可以看出赖斯的生活是繁忙的；而首段末句谈到”Even though we’re having a crazy life，we’re having it in the right way”，可以看出，他们认为自己做得很好。那作者对此的态度又是如何呢?第二段谈到生活要有方向。第三段首句谈到”For the Reisses，part of living a good life，however busy，means including the couple’s children...”，可以看出作者认为他们虽然忙，但还是有自己的生活方向，即他们的生活还是合理的，因而”繁忙却合理”正确。注意，本文的基调是让人们不要过分忙碌，但关于赖斯一家的例子却是正面的例子(日程虽然忙碌但是有自己的目

标)，不要看到他们很忙就认为是反面的例子。狂热而无意义：文中说赖斯生活繁忙，但安排得有条不紊，并无贬意。枯燥但有序：赖斯的生活繁忙，但并不是说枯燥无味；相反，是很有意义的，特别是在孩子的教育方面。匆忙且杂乱：赖斯的生活匆忙，但并不杂乱。首段末句谈到他们自己感觉非常好。

32． What does the author mean by saying “If people weren’t so busy, would they be a poet, a painter”?

A．It will take pains to become an artist as poet or painter. B．Life will become tedious if people are not so busy. C．Poets and painters are usually considered to be idle. D．People may fulfill their personal dreams if not so busy.

正确答案：D

解析：本题问作者提到”If people weren’t so busy，would they be a poet，a painter?”要表达什么意思。作者提到人类学家达拉的观点，认为一种好的生活要有生活的方向，而忙碌打乱了这一切。然后提出问题：如果不忙，我们会怎样。如果不忙，我们是不是可能成为画家或诗人呢。我们知道成天忙忙碌碌的人难以成为像画家或者诗人这样浪漫而富有想象力的人，如果不是过于忙碌的话，这样的梦想也许可能实现。因此，”如果不是这么忙碌人们也许会实现自己的个人梦想”正确。注意文中的疑问句是在提出一种可能，即如果不忙的话，人们也许会有希望成为诗人或者画家，这里并不是反问的语气，不要理解为”即使不忙，难道会成为诗人或者画家吗?”。这样的理解和本段的中心”busyness fragments all that”意思相悖。成为诗人或画家这样的艺术家需要付出巨大努力：作者提出的可能性是围绕着繁忙的负面作用，并不真的是讨论成为诗人是否需要努力。如果不这么忙碌生活就会单调乏味：第二段开头谈到人生需要有方向，随后说忙碌打乱了这一切，也就是说忙碌使人生没有方向，可见作者这里认为如果不这样忙碌，人就能坚持自己的方向，而不是像现在这样碌碌无为。文中谈到的诗人和画家是指那些有成就的人，实现自己人生梦想的人，并没有生活单调乏味的含义。诗人和画家通常被认为是游手好闲的人：作者拿诗人和画家比喻浪漫而有创造性的人，其意并不是说他们比较悠闲。

33． The example of the publicist is used to show most people’s A．enthusiasm for diligence. B．chaos in their schedule. C．desire to achieve too much. D．hardships in daily life.

正确答案：C 解析：本题问广告宣传员的例子是要说明大多数人如何。赖斯的生活充实有序、主次分明；publicist的生活繁忙且”sets somewhat unrealistic expectations for what she can accomplish in a day”。因此publicist的例子反映的是人们”渴望获得太多”的心态。对勤奋的热爱：作者并非主张提倡勤奋。日程安排混乱：肤浅项。例子是为作者的观点服务的。第四段末句谈到该宣传员承认自己的目标不实际。随后谈到达拉建议人们把目标定得实际一些，可见，该例是为了说明人们的目标

不够实际，而不仅仅是表面上日程安排的混乱。日常生活的艰辛：并非作者的意图。

34． As for their children, parents are supposed by Darrah to A．involve them in volunteer work as much as they can. B．teach them how to arrange their schedule. C．give them sufficient spare time.

D．make full arrangement for their after-school time.

正确答案：C

解析：本题问达拉认为，孩子的父母应怎样做。文章末段揭示了Darrah成功的秘密”Confining activities to things he must do and those he wants to do．He and his wife do not overschedule their children”．，说明不能给孩子安排过重的任务，即”应该给他们足够的闲暇时间”正确。题干中”are supposed to “意为”应该”，而不是”猜测”的含义。尽量让他们参与志愿工作：参与志愿工作是赖斯对孩子进行教育的一项具体内容，而不是达拉的建议。教会他们安排日程表：文章是要教会成年人如何面对繁忙，而不是针对孩子。排满课余时间：亦即”overscheduled”，与”足够的闲暇时间”背道而驰。

35． In Darrah’s opinion, people should A．abandon things of little importance. B．take on things they believe they can do. C．get rid of their selfish greed. D．avoid some exhausting tasks.

正确答案：A 解析：本题问达拉认为人们应怎样做。文章末段”Stop taking on so much，and keep in perspective what’s most important to you...Confining activities to things he must do and those he wants to do．”都是对人们的建议，其核心是只做必须要做的事，即”放弃那些不太重要的事”。去做那些他们自认能做到的事：达拉的观点不是仅做那些自己力所能及的事，而是做必须做的事和自己愿意做的事，这超出了力所能及的事。摆脱自私贪婪：文中谈到人们的目标有些不够实际，达拉告诫人们不要贪多，但文中并没有谈到人们不切实际的目标是因为自私的贪婪心作怪。回避繁重的任务：是否放弃某项任务取决于其重要性，而不能说只愿做轻松的事。

What is less well understood by the general public is that there have been a number of trends which have further contributed to the diminishment of excavation as an activity. As Bahn puts it “there have been two major trends over time: first, excavation has become far slower and more painstaking....The work is incredibly meticulous... Secondly, we can learn far more from what we have.” The conclusions to be drawn from this would appear to be contradictory. As technology improves we are able to undertake a wide variety of analysis from microscopic, radio carbon dating or even DNA samples. The ability to determine more, from fewer samples again suggests that less excavation is required. Moreover, more often than not the

balance of effort now rests with the specialist analysers such as pollen experts and dating analysis rather than the excavators. So, again some of the requirements for extensive excavation have diminished through the advancement of other analytical techniques and not just surface survey techniques. Furthermore, Archaeology itself has changed in a number of ways. No longer is the emphasis simply upon the acquisition of material culture or artifacts. In many cases, we have a reasonable understanding of the surviving material culture. In deed, in Egypt and Italy, items are rebuffed in the ground simply because the museums are too full, theft may be ripe, preservation difficult and documentation slow. The emergence of processual archaeology under Binford and others again moved archaeology to wards broader concepts of explanation, process, deduction, hypothesis testing, question setting and response. Answering questions about the organisation of societies, the environment and their life have a much greater importance today. And answering these how and why questions implies a much broader scope, of work. Excavation alone cannot answer all these questions. Archaeology needs a structured research process. This procedure is described by Renfrew and Bahn as research design. Research design has four components, namely: formulation, the collection and recording, processing and analysis and publication. For example, more detailed work in the formulation part can focus lines of enquiry into a specific area and thereby again reduce the amount of excavation required. As the questions currently posed by Archaeologists tend to be more ‘strategic’ the focus of the field work is also of a strategic nature. Overall landscapes, context, trading patterns and systems are more important than individual sites. As such this requires different techniques. AS Greene states “field work today is rarely directed at a single site. It usually forms part of a comprehensive study of an area.” He continues “studies are designed to elucidate the broad agricultural, economic, and social developments”.

36． Which of the following can NOT reduce the reliance upon excavation? A．The apply of radio carbon dating. B．More acquisition of artifacts.

C．Emergence of processual archaeology. D．Development of surface survey technique.

正确答案：B 解析：本题问以下哪项不能减少对挖掘的依赖。从第二段第六句”No longer is the emphasis simply upon the acquisition of material culture or artifacts．”可以看出过去是将重点放在”material culture or artifacts”的获取上，而要获取material culture or artifacts就要依赖挖掘，故”更多人工制品的获得”不能减少对挖掘的依赖。放射性碳原子检测的应用：第二段第一、二两句”As technology improves...radio carbon dating or even DNA samples；The ability to...suggests that less excavation is required”．可以看出使用放射性碳原于检测可以减少对挖掘的依赖。过程考古学的出现：从第三段可以看出processual archaeology拓宽了考古学的视野，提出很多新的问题，从而减少了对挖掘本身的依赖。地表普查技术的发展：第二段第四句”...requirements for extensive excavation have diminished through the advancement of other analytical techniques and not just surface survey techniques”可

以看出地表勘查技术的改进可以降低对挖掘的依赖。

37． Why does the conclusion dram from Bahn’s words seem contradictory? A．More analysis can be done with less samples. B．Excavation diminishes with improved technology.

C．Better materials can be obtained from painstaking excavation. D．Excavation is time-consuming but fruitless.

正确答案：A 解析：本题问为什么说从巴恩的话得出的结论看起来是自相矛盾的。首段中提到：一方面挖掘考古已经变得很慢而且非常仔细，另一方面，从现在已有的东西中可以获得更多的信息。从中可以看出虽然挖掘活动进展慢了，但获得的信息却增加了，也就是说，在同样的试样下能够分析出更多的结果。因此”更多的分析可以在样本减少的情况下做出”正确。随着技术的进步挖掘减少了：巴恩并没有提及关于技术的问题。通过煞费苦心的挖掘可以得到更好的材料：巴恩只提到了挖掘之艰苦，而没有说这样可以得到更好的文物。挖掘很费时但是徒劳无功：巴恩只提到了挖掘的煞费苦心，没有提到其结果。

38． The example in Egypt and Italy shows that A．surviving material culture is easy to understand.

B．museums am not capable of preserving so many items. C．archaeology is not a high priority in both countries. D．further excavation might be unnecessary.

正确答案：D 解析：本题问所举的埃及和意大利的例子说明了什么。这个例子证明了前文所说”In many cases，we have a reasonable understanding of the surviving material culture”，即在许多情况下，我们已经相当了解遗存的物质文化，因此”进一步的挖掘可能没有必要”正确。遗存的物质文化是容易理解的：文章只是说可能已经颇为了解了，不能得出是否容易理解的结论。博物馆保存不了这么多的物品：这只是该例子的内容，是表象而不是要说明的问题。这两个国家对考古学并不重视：本例不是为了说明两个国家对考古学的态度，而是说明考古学的变化使挖掘活动本身不再那么重要了。

39． Which of the following may archaeologists currently place least importance on?

A．The economy. B．The environment. C．People’s daily life. D．A single site.

正确答案：D

解析：本题问考古学家目前在他们的研究中最不看重什么。由第五段第四句”As Greene states field work today is rarely directed at a single site”可以看出考古

学家对”一个单独的遗址”是不重视的。经济：从第五段第二句”Overall landscapes，context，trading patterns and systems are important than individual sites”中可以看出考古学家对贸易方式即经济是重视的。环境：从第三段第二句”Answering questions about the organisation of societies，the environment and their life have a much greater importance today”中可以看出考古学家对环境也是重视的。人们的日常生活：从第三段第二句”Answering questions about the organisation of societies，the environment and their life have a much greater importance today”．中可以看出考古学家对人们的日常生活是重视的。

40． We can infer from the passage that

A．excavators have been replaced by specialist analysers.

B．research design comes into being with changes in archaeology. C．field work in the past possesses a strategic nature.

D．processual archaeology makes excavation lose its function.

正确答案：B 解析：本题问我们从文章中可以得出什么结论。第四段中”Archaeology needs a structured research process...as research design...”可以看出”由于考古学的变化，研究设计产生了”正确。挖掘人员已经被分析专家替代了：文章只是说挖掘工作减少了，但这并不意味着挖掘人员已经被分析专家替代了。这是两个概念。本项属于过度引申。过去的野外作业具有战略性：末段首句有”As the questions currently posed by Archaeologists tend to be more ‘strategic’ the focus of the field work is also of a strategic nature．”可以看出过去的野外作业是随意的，没有战略性。过程考古学使挖掘失去了作用：文中只是说挖掘工作减少了，而这并不意味着挖掘就失去了作用。

Part B (10 points)

41． You are going to read a list of headings and a text about Amazonia. Choose the most suitable headings. In 1942 Allan R Holmberg, a doctoral student in anthropology from Yale University, USA, ventured deep into the jungle of Bolivian Amazonia and searched out an isolated band of Siriono Indians. The researcher described the primitive society as a desperate straggle for survival, a view of Amazonia being fundamentally reconsidered today. (41)______. The Siriono, Holmberg wrote, led a “strikingly backward” existence. Their villages were little more than clusters of thatched huts. Life itself was a perpetual and punishing search for food: some families grew manioc and other starchy crops in small garden plots cleared from the forest, while other members of the tribe scoured the country for small game and promising fish holes. When local resources became depleted, the tribe moved on. As for technology, Holmberg noted, the Siriono “may be classified among the most handicapped peoples of the world”. Other than bows, arrows and crude digging sticks, the only tools the Siriono.seemed to possess were “two machetes worn to the size of pocket-knives”. (42)______. Although the lives of the Siriono have changed in the intervening decades, the image of them as Stone Age relics has

endured. To casual observers, as well as to influential natural scientists and regional planners, the luxuriant forests of Amazonia seem ageless, unconquerable, a habitat totally hostile to human civilization. The apparent simplicity of Indian ways of life has been judged an evolutionary adaptation to forest ecology, living proof that Amazonia could not—and cannot—sustain a more complex society. Archaeological traces of far more elaborate cultures have been dismissed as the ruins of invaders from outside the region, abandoned to decay in the uncompromising tropical environment. (43)______. The popular conception of Amazonia and its native residents would be enormously consequential if it were true. But the human history of Amazonia in the past 11,000 years betrays that view as myth. Evidence gathered in recent years from anthropology and archaeology indicates that the region has sup ported a series of indigenous cultures for eleven thousand years; an extensive network of complex societies—some with populations perhaps as large as 100,000—thrived there for more than 1,000 years before the arrival of Europeans. Far from being evolutionarily retarded, prehistoric Amazonian people developed technologies and cultures that were advanced for their time. If the lives of Indians today seem “primitive”, the appearance is not the result of some environmental adaptation or ecological barrier; rather it is a comparatively recent adaptation to centuries of economic and political pressure. (44)______. The evidence for a revised view of Amazonia will take many people by surprise. Ecologists have assumed that tropical ecosystems were shaped entirely by natural forces and they have focused their re search on habitats they believe have escaped human influence. But as the University of Florida ecologist, Peter Feinsinger, has noted, an approach that leaves people out of the equation is no longer ten able. The archaeological evidence shows that the natural history of Amazonia is to a surprising extent tied to the activities of its prehistoric inhabitants. (45)______. The realization comes none too soon. In June 1992 political and environmental leaders from across the world met in Rio de Janeiro to discuss how developing countries can advance their economies with out destroying their natural resources. The challenge is especially difficult in Amazonia. Because the tropical forest has been depicted as ecologically unfit for large-scale human occupation, some environ mentalists have opposed development of any kind. Ironically, one major casualty of that extreme position has been the environment itself. While policy makers struggle to define and implement appropriate legislation, development of the most destructive kind has continued apace over vast areas. The other major casualty of the “naturalism” of environmental scientists has been the indigenous Amazonians, whose habits of hunting, fishing, and slash-and-burn cultivation often have been represented as harmful to the habitat. In the clash between environmentalists and developers, the Indians have suffered the most. The new understanding of the pre-history of Amazonia, however, points to ward a middle ground. Archaeology makes clear that with judicious management selected parts of the region could support more people than anyone thought before. The long-buried past, it seems, offers hope for the future.A. Assumed inhospitableness to.social developmentB. Price paid for misconceptionsC. Evolutionary adaptation to forest ecologyD. False believes revisedE. Extreme impoverishment and backwardnessF. Ignorance of early human impact

正确答案：E 解析：本段描述了亚马逊河地区的面貌：小草房；生活只是不停地寻找食物；资源耗尽后就只能搬迁；科技极度落后；工具也很落后。可以看出当地是极度贫穷落后的，故E项为正确选项。

42．

正确答案：A 解析：本段介绍人们相信亚马逊地区不利于社会发展，他们认为亚马逊地区无法支持更加复杂的社会，并把先进文化的遗迹归于外来者丢弃的东西。联系全文可以知道，作者认为人们的这种看法不符合事实。故A项正确。文中提到印第安人简陋的生活方式被看成是对丛林生态的适应，证明亚马逊地区无法支持更加复杂的社会。作者说这是casual observers(马虎的观察者)的看法，作者不同意这种观点。因此C项为干扰项。

43．

正确答案：D 解析：本段反驳了上段所提到的那种流行的观点，通过人类学和考古学的证据证明该观点是错误的。故D项正确。

44．

正确答案：F

解析：本段先是提出生态学家的一个观点：热带生态系统与人的影响无关。然后作者引用最近的研究成果认为：早期人类对于亚马逊地区的环境是有影响的。可见，作者此段是论述人对环境的影响，反驳这种忽视人类影响的观点。故F项正确。

45．

正确答案：B 解析：本段谈到政治家与环境保护主义者讨论亚马逊的环境问题，一些环境保护主义者认为亚马逊地区不适合任何发展，这是极端主义的立场。当人们在会上仍就一些问题争论不休时，最具破坏性的开发却在大规模进行。可以看出，正是由于错误的观点，所以亚马逊地区的环境受到了损害。故B项正确。

Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points)

46． (46)A “scientific” view of language was dominant among philosophers and linguists who affected to develop a scientific analysis of human thought and behavior in the early part of this century. Under the force of this view, it was perhaps

inevitable that the art of rhetoric should pass from the status of being regarded as of questionable worth (because although it might be both a source of pleasure and a means to urge people to right action, it might also be a means to distort truth and a source of misguided action) to the status of being wholly condemned. (47)If people are regarded only as machines guided by logic as they were by these “scientific” thinkers, rhetoric is likely to be held in low regard, for the most obvious truth about rhetoric is that it speaks to the whole person. It presents its arguments first to the person as a rational being, because persuasive discourse, if honestly conceived, always has a basis in reasoning. Logical argument is the plot, as it were, of any speech or essay that is respectfully intended to persuade people. (48)Yet it is a characterizing feature of rhetoric that goes beyond this and appeals to the parts of our nature that are involved in feeling, desiring, acting, and suffering. It recalls relevant instances of the emotional reactions of people to circumstances—real or fictional—that are similar to our own circumstances. (49)Such is the purpose of both historical accounts and fables in persuasive discourse: they indicate literally or symbolically how people may react emotionally, with hope or fear, to particular circumstances. A speech attempting to persuade people can achieve little unless it takes into account the aspect of their being related to such hopes and fears. Rhetoric, then, is addressed to human beings living at particular times and in particular places. From the point of view of rhetoric, we are not merely logical thinking machines, creatures abstracted from time and space. The study of rhetoric should therefore be considered the most humanistic of the humanities, since rhetoric is not directed only to our rational selves. It takes into account what the “scientific” view leaves out. If it is weakness to harbor feelings, then rhetoric may be thought of as dealing in weakness. (50)But those who reject the idea of rhetoric because they believe it deals in lies and who at the same time hope to move people to action must either be liars themselves or be very naive. Pure logic has never been a motivating force unless it has been subordinated to human purposes, feelings, and desires, and thereby ceased to be pure logic.Notes:rhetoric 修辞学discourse 论文，讲演，语篇as it were 可以说是，姑且这么说

正确答案：本世纪初，在喜爱对人类的思想和行为进行科学分析的哲学家和语言学家中，有一和关于语言的”科学”观点占了上风。

解析：affect vt．影响；感动；假装；喜欢。例如：1) The amount of rain affects the growth of crops．2) His death affected us deeply．(他的死亡引起我们很大的感情波动)。3) He affected illness so that he need not go to work．(他装病以便不必去上班)。4) She affects old furniture and china．(她喜欢旧家具和瓷器)。develop vt．是一个多义词，搭配范围很宽，有许多灵活的译法。例如：1) He developed an interest in science．(他建立了对科学的兴趣)。2) Fresh air and exercise develop healthy bodies．(新鲜空气和锻炼培养了健康的体魄)。3) He developed into a strong leader．(他成长为一位有力的领导者)。4) I developed a bad cold this week．(本周我得了重感冒)。5) We should develop reading skills．(我们应该培养阅读技能)。

47．

正确答案：如果人们只是被看作是由逻辑指导的机器，正如这此”科学的”思想家所认为的那样，那么修辞学很可能不受重视，因为有关修辞学的最明显的事实是修辞学是针对完整的人的。

解析：be in low regard不受重视；be in high regard受器重，赞赏。...are regarded only as machines...其中as作介词，意为”作为”。...as they were by these “scientific” thinkers...其中as作连词，引导一个从句，意为”正如…”。

48．

正确答案：然而，修辞学的特点是要超出这一点并对我们本性中涉及情感、渴望、行动和苦难的那些部分有吸引力。

解析：...it is a characterizing feature that goes...是强调句型。appeal to sb./sth.意为”对某人或某事有吸引力”，例如：The film appeals to us powerfully．(这部电影对我们有很强的吸引力)。be involved in意为”涉及到…”。

49．

正确答案：这就是有说服力的讲话或文章中历史记载和寓言故事的写作目的，因为这些历史记载和寓言故事真实地或象征性地表明，人们是怎样带着希望或恐惧对特定的状况做出情感反应的。

解析：本句为倒装语序。discourse意为”语篇”，既可以是文章，也可以是讲话。

50．

正确答案：但是那些因为认为修辞学是讨论慌言而摒弃修辞学的理论而同时又希望推动人们采取行动的人必定要么自己就是撒谎者，要么就是十分天真。

解析：两个who引导两个并列的定语从句，修饰those。must be表示对现在的状况的肯定推测，常译为”必定是”。

Section III Writing

Part ADirections: Write a composition/letter of no less than 100 words on the following information. (10 points)

51． Your company intends to purchase some car parts. Now it has received a fax offer(传真报价). Write a letter to the sales department of a car parts company to express your: 1) thanks for the fax offer, 2) willingness to accept all the terms except price, and 3) request of reduction in price. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. You do not need to write the address.

正确答案：Dear Sirs, We’ve received your fax offer dated May 10th for car, parts with thanks. All the terms contained in the offer are agreeable to us except

the price. While appreciating the quality of your commodity, we find your price on the high side, as compared with the prices ruling at our end. Many companies have come into the market with a much lower price than yours. To accept your quotation would mean little profit to us. We, however, would like to continue business with you on condition that you would favor us with a 5% reduction in. your price. Should this transaction prove to be successful, we’d certainly place more substantial orders on a regular basis. We hope you will consider our counter-offer(还盘) most favorably and fax us your acceptance immediately.Yours sincerely, Li Ming

Part BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information. (20 points)

52． Study the following set of bar charts carefully and write a composition. Your composition should cover most of the information provided and meet the requirements below: 1) 根据提示概述下列4幅图； 2) 分析中国钢产量迅速增长的原因； 3) 预测世界钢产量的前景。 You should write about 160—200 words neatly. 提示：欧洲经济委员会公布了最新数字：1996年世界钢产量约为7.5亿吨，比1995年下降0.2%。中国1996年钢产量突破一亿吨大关，从而超过日本成为世界上最大的产钢国。

正确答案： According to the figures issued by the European Economic Commission, the world’s steel output of last year added up to more than 750 million tons. Compared with that of 1995, it decreased by 0.2 percent. As far as China is concerned, it has surpassed Japan and the U.S. in steel production. Its steel output reached slightly more than 100 million tons in 1996, about twice that of Russia. Clearly, China ranked first in steel production in the world last year. There are two main reasons for the rapid increase in steel production in China. In the first place, with the development of industry, agriculture and transport service an increasing amount of steel is needed to make different kinds of machinery and equipment. Therefore, the Government attaches great importance to the expansion of steel industry. Secondly, the introduction and application of high tech have remarkably enhanced the efficiency of production and reduced the cost of output, which also contributed to the development of steel industry. As for the future prospect of steel production in the world, generally speaking, it involves a downward direction in some of the developed countries because a variety of synthetic materials are being developed to take the place of steel.