浙江省2002年7月高等教育自学考试 英语科技文选试题 课程代码00836

英语科技文选试题

课程代码：00836

Ⅰ.Directions:Add the appropriate affix(es) to each word according to the given Chinese,making changes when necessary.(10%) 1.instinct 本能地 1.________ 2.observe 天文台 2.________ 3.continue 连续性 3.________ 4.active 激活 4.________ 5.efficient 系数 5.________ 6.time 永恒的 6.________ 7.response 敏感的 7.________ 8.diverse 变化，不同n. 8.________ 9.equal 平衡，均势n. 9.________ 10.gene 遗传学 10.________

Ⅱ.Directions:Fill in the blanks,each using one of the given words and phrases below in its proper form.(10%)

evolution associate with magnify at random intensify shrink distribute run down constructive oversell affect discrete 11.The processes of ________ are still going on among plants,birds,and animals. 12.I did not have anything __________ to say. 13.The battery has __________.

14.He was serious at the beginning,and then started to guess __________. 15.In the late 1960s the pressure suddenly __________. 16.They __________ the prizes among the winners.

17.The world's forests are __________ at an alarming rate. 18.It would be foolish to __________ the powers of science.

19.Of the three particles,the neutrons __________ the atom the least.

20.The characteristics are transmitted across generations in_____ units,now known as genes that are inherited in a statistically predictable fashion.

Ⅲ.Directions:Fill in each blank with a suitable word given below.(10%) Practical or use hence law thus connection establish extend example

Pure science is primarily concerned with development of theories(or,as they are frequently called,models) 21 relationships between the phenomena of the universe.When they are sufficiently validated,these theories become the working 22 or principles of science.In carrying out this work,the pure scientist usually disregards its applications to practical affairs,confining his attention to explanations of how and why events occur. 23 ,in physics,the equations describing the behaviour of fundamental particles, 24 in biology ,the establishment of the life cycle of a particular species of insect living in a Polar environment,are said to be examples of pure science (basic research),having no apparent 25(for the moment) with technology,i.e.applied science. Applied science,on the other hand,is directly concerned with the application of the working laws of pure science to the 26 affairs of life,and to increasing man's control over his environment, 27 leading to the development of new techniques,processes and machines.Such

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activities as investigating the strength and uses of materials, 28 the findings of pure mathematics to improve the sampling procedures 29 in agriculture or the social sciences,and developing the potentialities of atomic energy,are all 30 of the work of the applied scientist or technologist. 21.__________ 22.__________ 23.__________ 24.__________ 25.__________ 26.__________ 27.__________ 28.______ 29.__________ 30.__________

Ⅳ.Directions:Translate the following sentences into English,each using one of the given words or phrases below.(10%)

carry out reinforce in terms of after all spectrum 31.我们一起体验了各种各样的感情变化。

32.我们应调动一切积极因素，进行必要的社会改革。 33.这位科学家用大量新的事实来加强其论证。 34.受试者按年龄分成三大组。

35.这毕竟是问题的最无足轻重的部分。

Ⅴ.Directions:Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.(15%)

36.As well as the inherent difficulty of measuring time,there is another problem which stems from

the ambiguity of what is being measured.Most of the instruments devised for this purpose measure intervals of time,or duration,notions which give a sense of the irreversibility of the march of time but do not enable us accurately to situate the chronology of events.Measuring time also implies situating events in relation to each other,in other words,dating them.

Ⅵ.Directions:Read through the following passages and choose the best answer marked A.B.C or D.(30%)

A useful definition of an air pollutant is a compound added directly or indirectly by humans to the atmosphere in such quantities as to affect humans, animals,vegetation,or materials adversely. Air pollution requires a very flexible definition that permits continuous change.When the first air pollution laws were established in England in the fourteenth century,air pollutants were limited to compounds that could be seen or smelled- a far car from the extensive list of harmful substances known today.As technology has developed and knowledge of the health aspects of various chemicals has increased,the list of air pollutants has lengthened.In the future,even water vapor might be considered an air pollutant under certain conditions.

Many of the more important air pollutants,such as sulfur oxides,carbon monoxide,and nitrogen oxides,are found in nature.As the Earth developed,the concentrations of these pollutants were altered by various chemical reactions;they became components in biogeochemical cycles.These serve as an air purification scheme by allowing the compounds to move from the air to the water or soil.ON a global basis,nature's output of these compounds dwarfs that resulting from human activities.However,human production usually occurs in a localized area,such as a city.

In this localized region,human ouput may be dominant and may temporarily overload the natural purification scheme of the cycles.The result is an increased concentration of noxious chemicals in the air.The concentrations at which the adverse effects appear will be greater than the concentrations that the pollutants would have in the absence of human activities.The actual concentration need not be large for a substance to be a pollutant;in fact the numerical value tells us little until we know how much of an increase this represents over the concentration that would

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occur naturally in the area.For eexample ,sulfur dioxide has detectable health effects at 0.08 parts per million(ppm),which is about 400 times its natural level.Carbon monoxide,however,has a natural level of 0.1 ppm and is not usually a pollutant until its level reaches about 15 ppm. 37.What does the passage mainly discuss?( ) A.The economic impact or air pollution B.What constitutes an air pollutant

C.How much harm air pollutants can cause

D.The effects of compounds added to the atmosphere

38.Natural pollutants can play an important role in controlling air pollution for which of the following reasons?( )

A.They function as part of a purification process

B.The occur in greater quantities than other pollutants

C.They are less harmful to living beings than are other pollutants D.They have existed since the Earth developed

39.According to the passage,which of the following is true about human generated air pollution in localized regions?( )

A.It can be dwarfed by nature's output of pollutants in the localized region B.It can overwhelm the natural system that removes pollutants C.It will damage areas outside of the localized regions

D.It will react harmfully with naturally occurring pollutants

40.The word “noxious” in the third paragraph is closest in meaning to ( ). A.harmful B.noticeable C.extensive D.weak 41.Which of the following is best supported by the passage?( ).

A.To effectively control pollution,local government should regularly review their air pollution

laws.

B.One of the most important steps in preserving natural lands is to better enforce air pollution

laws.

C.Scientists should be consulted in order to establish uniform limits for all air pollutants. D.Human activites have been effective in reducing air pollution.

Galaxies are the major building blocks of the universe.A galaxy is a giant family of many millions of stars,and it is held together by its own gravitational field.Most of the material universe is organized into galaxies of stars,together with gas and dust.There are three main types of galaxy:spiral,elliptical,and irregular.The Milky Way is a spiral galaxy:a flattish disc of stars with two spiral arms emerging from its central nucleus.About onequarter of all galaxies have this shape, Spiral galaxies are well supplied with the interstellar gas in which new stars forms;as the rotating spiral pattern sweeps around the galaxy it compresses gas and dust,triggering the formation of bright young stars in its arms.The elliptical galaxies have a symmetrical elliptical or spheroidal shape with no obvious structure.Most of their member stars are very old and since ellipticals are devoid of interstellar gas,no new stars are forming in them.The biggest and brightest galaxies in the universe are elliptical with masses of about 1013 times that of the Sun;these giants may frequently be sources of strong radio emission,in which case they are called radio gaxlaxies.About two-thirds of all galaxies are elliptical.Irregular galaxies comprise about one-tenth of all galaxies and they come in many subclasses.

Measurement in space is quite different from measurement on Earth.Some terrestrial distances

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can be expressed as intervals of time:the time to fly from one continent to another or the time it takes to drive to work,for example.By comparison with these familiar yardsticks,the distances to the galaxies are incomprehensibly large but they too are made more manageable by using a time calibration,in this case the distance that light travels into year.On such a scale the nearest giant spiral galaxy,the Andromeda galaxy,is two million light years away.The most distant luminous objects seen by telescopes are probably ten thousand million light years ways.Their light was already halfway here before the Earth even formed.The light from the nearby Virgo galaxy set out when reptiles still dominated the animal world.

42.What does the first paragraph mainly discuss?( ). A.The Milky Way

B.Major categories of galaxies

C.How elliptical galaxies are formed

D.Differences between irregular and spiral galaxies

43.According to the passage,new stars are formed in spiral galaxies due to ( ). A.an explosion of gas B.the compression of gas and dust C.the combining of old stars D.strong radio emissions

44.According to the passage,which of the following is NOT true of elliptical galaxies?( ) A.They are the largest galaxies. B.They mostly contain old stars.

C.They contain a high amount of interstellar gas. D.They have a spherical shape.

45.What percentage of galaxies is irregular?( ) A.10% B.25% C.50% D.75%

46.Why does the author mention the Virgo galaxy and the Andromeda galaxy in the second paragraph?( ).

A.To describe the effect that distance has on visibility. B.To compare the ages of two relatively young galaxies

C.To emphasize the vast distances of the galaxies from Earth D.To explain why certain galaxies cannot be seen by a telescope

The fridge is considered a necessity.It has been so since the 1960s when packaged food first appeared with the label:“store in the refrigerator.” In my fridgeless Fifties childhood,I was fed well and healthily.The milkman came daily,the grocer,the butcher(肉商),the baker,and the icecream man delivered two or three times a week.The Sunday meat would last until Wednesday and surplus(剩余的) bread and milk became all kinds of cakes.Nothing was wasted,and we were never troubled by rotten food.Thirty years on,food deliveries have ceased,fresh vegetables are almost unobtainable in the country.

The invention of the fridge contributed comparatively little to the art of food preservation.A vast way of welltried technique already existednatural cooling, drying, smoking, salting, sugaring, bottling„

What refrigerator did promote was marketing-marketing hardware and electricity,marketing soft drinks,marketing dead bodies of animals around the globe in search of a good price.

Consequently,most of the world's fridges are to be found,not in the tropics where they might prove useful,but in the wealthy countries with mild temperatures where they are climatically almost

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unnecessary.Every winter,millions of fridges hum away continuously,and at vast expense,busily maintaining an artificiallycooled space inside an artificiallyheated house-while outside,nature provides the desired temperature free of charge.

The fridge's effect upon the environment has been evident,while its contribution to human happiness has been insignificant.If you don't believe me,try it yourself,invest in a food cabinet and turn off your fridge next winter.You may miss the hamburgers(汉堡包)，but at least you'll get rid of that terrible hum.

47.The statement “In my fridgeless Fifties childhood,I was fed well and healthily.”(Line 2, Para.1)suggests that ( ).

A.the author was well-fed and healthy even without a fridge in his fifties B.the author was not accustomed to using fridges even in the fifties C.there was no fridge in the author's home in the 1950s

D.the fridge was in its early stage of development in the 1950s

48.Why does the author say that nothing was wasted before the invention of fridge?( ). A.People would not buy more food than was necessary. B.Food was delivered to people two or three times a week. C.Food was sold fresh and did not get rotten easily. D.People had effective ways to preserve their food.

49.Who benefited the least from fridges according to the author?( ).

A.Inventors B.Consumers C.Manufacturers D.Traveling salesmen

50.Which of the following phrases in the fifth paragraph indicates the fridge's negative effect on the

environment?( ).

A.“Humming away continuously” B.“Climatically almost unnecessary” C.“Artificiallycooled space” D.“With mild temperatures”. 51.What's the author's overall attitude toward fridges?( ). A.Neutral B.Critical C.Objective D.Compromising Ⅶ.Passage-writing(15%)

52.Directions:Write a passage(150-200 words) in English on the title “Internet Banking”.Develop the ideas according to the Chinese outline given below. (1)传统银行的不足之处。

(2)网上银行给人们提供了各种各样的便利。 (3)网上银行急需解决的一些问题。

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