专业英语八级(阅读)模拟试卷160(题后含答案及解析)

专业英语八级（阅读）模拟试卷160 (题后含答案及解析)

题型有：1.3 billion for new drugs, on top of revenues from sales. (11) Another of Lord O’Neill’s suggestions is to expand a basic-research fund set up by the British and Chinese governments in order to sponsor the development of cheap diagnostic techniques. If doctors could tell instantaneously whether an infection was viral or bacterial, they would no longer be tempted to administer antibiotics just in case. If they knew which antibiotics would eradicate an infection, they could avoid prescribing a drug that suffers from partial resistance, and thereby limit the further selection of resistant strains (耐药菌株). (12) Combining policies to accomplish many things at once demands political leadership, but recent global campaigns against HIV/AIDS and malaria show that it is possible. Enough time has been wasted issuing warnings about antibiotic resistance. The moment has come to do something about it.

6． What is the purpose of the first paragraph?

A．To make a brief introduction of Darwinian evolution. B．To illustrate the theory of the survival of the fittest.

C．To show the grave consequence of drug-resistant infections.

D．To predict the number of people killed by drug-resistant infections.

正确答案：C

解析：主旨题。此题涉及作者写第一段的目的，应纵观整段进行解答。该段开篇通过某些人对达尔文进化论的观点引出耐药感染导致的严重后果，接着提到对抗菌药的耐药性是由适者生存理论引起的，最后强调耐药性变得越来越严重，预计到2050年死亡人数会大幅增加。由此可知，作者意在表明耐药感染的严重后果，故[C]为正确答案。 知识模块：阅读

7． In the 19th century, all the following aspects had an effect on treating tuberculosis and cholera EXCEPT______.

A．living environment B．drainage system

C．the cleanliness of water D．antibiotic drug

正确答案：D 解析：细节题 作者在第二段最后一句提到，结核病和霍乱这些19世纪常见传染病的消退，是由于较好的居住条件、排污系统和清洁的水，而不是青霉素。由此可知，在19世纪，抗生素并未对结核病和霍乱的治疗产生影响，故[D]为正确答案，[A]“居住环境”、[B]“排污系统”和[C]“水的清洁度”在原文均有提及，故排除。 知识模块：阅读

8． What does the word “prophylaxis” in Para. 8 mean?

A．Prevention. B．Predicament. C．Recovery. D．Physiotherapy.

正确答案：A

解析：语义题。文章第八段第五句提到，政策应当是给更多的人和动物打预防针，以便在爆发前阻止传染。紧接着第六句指出这应该对资金紧张的医疗体系很有吸引力，因为prophylaxis比治疗更便宜，该句中的“这”指代前一句中的政策，由“预防针”和“在爆发前阻止传染”可知，该政策有吸引力的原因是“预防”比治疗更便宜，故[A]“预防”为答案，同时排除[C]“痊愈；复原”。[B]“窘况；困境”明显与原文不符，故排除；[D]“物理疗法”在原文并未提及，故排除。 知识模块：阅读

9． As to the idea of adopting “new commercial models” to encourage innovation, Jim O’Neill’s attitude was______.

A．opposed B．supportive C．skeptical D．neutral

正确答案：B

解析：态度题。文章第十段前两句提到吉姆·奥尼尔在其报告中采纳了该想法。而上一段最后一句表明该想法需要“新商业模式”，以便通过将报酬与销售脱钩的方式鼓励创新。由此可知，吉姆·奥尼尔对采用“新商业模式”来鼓励创新持支持的态度，故答案为[B]。 知识模块：阅读

(1) London may be Europe’s commercial capital, but not all Britons are thrilled about that. In a poll conducted in 2014, two-thirds of non-Londoners reckoned mat London had a positive impact on the British economy as a whole, but fewer man a third thought London’s strength was good for their city. London lures skilled workers and productive companies away from other parts of Britain. It also lures workers and firms from across Europe—something that makes many Britons, both in London and beyond, bristle. Indeed, London’s mop-topped (卷发的) mayor, Boris Johnson, this week joined the campaign to persuade Britons to withdraw from the European Union. (2) London dominates Britain, accounting for 23% of its population and about a third of its economic output. The city grew to enormous size in the 19th and early 20th century, when it served as the political and economic hub of a global empire. The post-war decline in its population, a result both of the loss of empire and of policies intended to curb (抑制) its growth, ended in the 1980s, when the globalisation of finance rejuvenated (复兴) the city’s main industry. Greater London is the fifth-largest metropolitan economy in the world, according to the Brookings Institution, a think-tank (智库). It is the EU’s largest city, by both population and output. (3) Yet London should arguably be bigger than it is. It is

Europe’s most important financial centre, and one of its biggest hubs for information industries and professional services—the European analogue to New York city. But London accounts for just 4. 5% of the EU’s output, after adjusting for variation in the cost of living, and just 2.9% of its population, whereas New York accounts for 8. 1% of America’s GDP and 6. 3% of its population. Were European integration ever to yield something like a United States of Europe (and Britain ever to be part of such an enterprise), London would probably swell in size and importance. (4) Why should that be the case? Economists have touted the benefits of cities since 1826, when a German one named Johann Heinrich von Thuenen tried to explain why farmers gather in villages rather than living by their fields. Paul Krugman, in a paper published in 1991, homed in on the role of “increasing returns to scale” in driving the growth of cities. Because it is expensive to move people and goods, customers want to be where producers are and vice versa. As cities grow, increasing returns kick in: the more people who live in a particular place, the more attractive that place becomes to others. Mr. Krugman focused on clustering in manufacturing. Two trading regions with a slight imbalance in population would naturally evolve into a developed core and an underpopulated periphery, he argued. In the paper, which the Nobel committee cited when awarding him the prize for economics, Mr. Krugman pointed as an example to Europe, where industrial activity is concentrated in the north-west. (5) Manufacturing no longer drives urbanisation in the rich world. In 2009 Edward Glaeser and Joshua Gottlieb of Harvard University surveyed recent research in order to distil the nature and causes of the “ wealth of cities”. Although manufacturing firms have grown less likely to concentrate together in dense areas, thanks to the falling cost and hassle of shipping, firms in knowledge-based industries like technology and finance have become more prone to clustering. In cities with lots of skilled workers, productivity tends to rise with population density. The authors reckon that it is now the advantage of associating with other clever people, and the intellectual stimulation and exchange that results, that gives the biggest cities their magnetism. City sticker (6) Congestion slows cities’ breakneck (极快的) growth: housing and transport infrastructure seldom keep pace with demand. As a result, rather than a single metropolitan goliath, economies tend to develop a series of cities distributed by size according to “Zipf’s law” (named after George Zipf, an American linguist). The largest city tends to be twice the size of the second-largest, three times the size of the third-largest, and so on. American cities roughly follow this pattern. In the less-integrated EU, however, there is instead a jumble of big cities and a dearth (匮乏) of medium-sized ones. (7) Deeper integration would push Europe toward a more American distribution. London would probably be the main beneficiary, given its particular strengths. Europe’s financial markets remain highly fragmented. Its stockmarkets are about half the size of America’s, despite the similar size of the two economies; European corporate-bond markets are about a third of the size. Few Italian firms, for instance, turn to their country’s relatively small equity or bond markets for funding. Instead, they simply borrow from Italian banks, which tend to have their headquarters in Milan. The EU is currently trying to rectify that by making it easier to borrow, lend and invest across its internal borders, in the hope of reducing funding

costs for European firms. If such efforts bear fruit and Britain remains a part of the union, firms based in London would help more foreign companies issue shares or bonds there, at the expense of other European financial centres. Easing the cross-border provision of services, another thing on the EU’s long-term agenda, would likewise prove a boon for London. (8) That prospect would naturally discomfit continentals. Just as New York rose head and shoulders above Philadelphia and Boston as the American economy grew and integrated, Paris, Frankfurt and Milan could all expect to cede ground to London in a close-knit EU. But London’s boosters might also blanch at the growth deeper integration might bring. It would mean more building, for starters. Greater London added 23,000 new housing units in the year to September, less than a third of the new units approved in New York last year. Were London to follow the example of New York, its GDP and population could eventually eclipse that of the rest of Britain, lengthening the political and cultural shadows cast across the rest of the country. Mr. Johnson is angling for a promotion to prime minister; ironically, a vote to remain could make his current job one of the most desirable in Europe.

10． It can be inferred from the first paragraph that______.

A．some British don’t want London to be Europe’s commercial capital B．London was thought to be beneficial for European economy C．most Londoners believed the city has its own strong point

D．London attracts workers and companies from home and Europe

正确答案：A

解析：推断题。文章第一段第一句提到，伦敦可能是欧洲的商业首都，但并非所有的英国人都对此感到兴奋，由此可以推断，有些英国人并不想让伦敦成为欧洲的商业首都，故[A]为正确答案。第二句指出，三分之二的非伦敦人认为，伦敦对英国的整体经济而不是欧洲经济产生了积极的影响，并且不到三分之一的非伦敦人而不是大多数伦敦人认为伦敦的优势对他们城市有利，故排除[B]和[C]；第三句提到，伦敦吸引来自英国其他地区的技术工人和高效企业，紧接着第四句指出它还吸引来自欧洲各地的工人和企业，原文直接提及伦敦吸引了来自英国本土和欧洲的工人及企业，无需推断，故排除[D]。 知识模块：阅读

11． The word “bristle” in Para. 1 probably means______. A．satisfy B．anger C．wonder D．falsify

正确答案：B

解析：语义题。文章第一段第三句和第四句提到，伦敦吸引了来自英国本土和欧洲的工人及企业，这让包括伦敦人和非伦敦人在内的许多英国人bristle。第五句则指出，伦敦的卷毛市长鲍里斯-约翰逊于本周加入了劝说英国人退出欧盟

的活动。由此可知，英国人对伦敦吸引外地工人及企业的事情感到不满。该词与选项[B]anger意义相近，意为“愤怒，生气”，故[B]为答案。选项[A]“满意”与原文意义相反，故排除；选项[C]“惊奇”和[D]“撒谎；篡改”明显与原文不符，故排除。 知识模块：阅读

12． In Para. 3, London and New York are made comparison in______. A．development rate B．living cost C．population D．size

正确答案：C

解析：细节题。文章第三段第三句提到，在剔除生活成本之后，伦敦只占欧盟产出的4．5％和人口的2．9％，而纽约却占美国GDP的8．1％和人口的6．3％。由此可知，作者从产出和人口两方面对比了伦敦和纽约，因此[C]为正确答案，同时排除[B]。[A]“发展速度”本段并未提及，故排除；该段最后一句提到“规模”，但是在讲一个虚拟的情况，如果欧洲一体化诞生出一个类似于欧洲合众国，伦敦的规模和重要性就会大增，并没有将两个城市进行对比，故排除[D]。 知识模块：阅读

13． The paper written by Paul Krugman claims all of the following EXCEPT______.

A．why farmers prefer gathering in villages to living by fields B．the role of increasing returns to scale in city development C．how increasing returns begin as cities grow

D．clustering in manufacturing in the north-west of Europe

正确答案：A

解析：细节题。文章第四段第二句指出，解释为什么农民宁愿群居在村庄中也不愿住在田边的是一位名叫约翰-海因里希-冯-杜的德国人，而不是保罗-克鲁格曼，[A]与原文不符，故为本题答案。第三句提到在1991年发表的一篇论文中，保罗-克鲁格曼着重论述了“规模收益递增”在推动城市发展中的作用，故排除[B]；第五句指出随着城市的发展，收益递增开始显现，故排除[C]；该段最后一句提到在这篇诺贝尔奖评委会在给克鲁格曼颁发经济学奖时所引用的论文中，他以工业活动集中在西北部的欧洲为例，故排除[D]。 知识模块：阅读

14． The following are all effects brought about by deeper integration of EU EXCEPT______.

A．making its city distribution more like the United States

B．benefiting London most due to the city’s particular strengths C．keeping Europe’s financial markets highly decentralized D．lowering the funding costs for European enterprises

正确答案：D

解析：细节题。文章第七段第七句指出，欧盟使跨内部边境的借款、放贷和投资变得更加容易，以期降低欧洲企业的融资成本，这样做是为了扭转意大利企业只从意大利银行借款，从而导致意大利银行往往把总部设在米兰这一情况，而不是欧盟更加深入的一体化所带来的影响，[D]与原文不符，故为本题答案。该段第一句提到更加深入的一体化会推动欧洲走向一种更加美国化的分布，故排除[A]；第二句指出考虑到其特殊优势，伦敦或许会成为主要的受益者，故排除[B]；第三句提到欧洲的金融市场依然高度分散，故排除[C]。 知识模块：阅读

SECTION B SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONSIn this section there are eight short-answer questions based on the passages in SECTION A. Answer each question in NO more than 10 words in the space provided.

PASSAGE ONE

15． What rhetorical device is used in “hidden fires” in Para.3?

正确答案：Metonymy．

解析：根据题干提示定位至第三段第四句。该句句意为：他也给人一种内心深藏热情的感觉。此处“fires”使用了修辞手法metonymy，用“火”来比喻“热情”，转喻只出现喻体，本体和比喻词都不出现，即直接把本体说成喻体。故答案为“Metonymy．”。 知识模块：阅读

16． Whom does “both” in Para. 4 refer to?

正确答案：The author and Sir Henry． 解析：根据题干提示定位至第四段第一句。该句提到第一天他就来巴斯克维尔庄园拜访了，第二天早晨，他又带我们两个去看了一个地方，应该是有关邪恶雨果的传说的起源之地。由第二段和第三段可知，这里的“He”是指斯泰普尔顿，而“us both”是指“我”和“亨利爵士”。第四段第六句提到亨利爵士非常感兴趣，并且不止一次地问过斯泰普尔顿，他是否真的相信超自然力量干预人类事务的可能性，由此也可以推出“我们两个”是指作者和亨利爵士，故答案为“The author and Sir Henry．”。 知识模块：阅读

17． What does “the affair” in Para.6 mean?

正确答案：The case of the old man being murdered． 解析：根据题干提示定位至第六段倒数第二句。该段第四句提到莫蒂默医生把我们所有人都带去了水松小道，向我们说明了案发当夜所有事情究竟是如何发生的。然后定位句指出“我”还记得你对此事的看法，并试着想象所发生的一切。紧接着下一句就具体描述了“我”所想象的事情经过：当老人站在那里时，他看见有什么东西穿过沼地向他跑来，这东西把他吓得丧失理智，一直逃跑，直到他因极度的恐惧和精疲力竭而亡为止。由此可知，此处的“the affair”是指那位老人被谋杀的案件，故答案为“The case of the old man being murdered．”。 知识模

块：阅读

PASSAGE TWO

18． Why should people fear old diseases instead of new ones according to Para. 3?

正确答案：Drug-resistant infections increase the likelihood of dying of old diseases．

解析：根据题干提示定位至第三段。作者在本段第二至第四句指出像维多利亚时代倡导的那些公共卫生的改善最终应当降低印度的肺结核发病率，但这个事实很难弥补每年60 000名新生儿死于耐药感染的损失，只要有地方性感染，就有对其治疗的耐药，陛，富裕国家也是如此。由此可知，耐药感染的致命性和它的普遍存在。然后在倒数第二句通过设想举例说明耐药感染的致命性：在热带地区的每个人在面对疟疾时再次表现得不堪一击；甚至每一次针刺都可能导致致命感染。由此可知，人们惧怕老病是因为耐药感染会增加人们死于老病的可能性。故答案为“Drag-resistant infections increase the likelihood of dying of old diseases．”。 知识模块：阅读

19． What does the phrase “something that costs cents” refer to in Para. 6?

正确答案：A cheap medicine．

解析：根据题干提示定位至第六段最后一句。该句提到当“something that costs cents”能治好鼻塞感冒时，给这种病开昂贵的专利药就毫无意义。此处将“an expensive patented medicine”和“something that costs cents”进行对比，由此可知“something”指的也是药物，而“costs cents”的意思是花少量的钱，故答案为“A cheap medicine．”。 知识模块：阅读

PASSAGE THREE

20． What led to the decreasing population of London after the Second World War?

正确答案：The loss of empire and policies of controlling population growth． 解析：根据题干提示定位至第二段。本段第三句指出，霸主地位的失去以及旨在抑制人口增长的政策所导致的英国战后人口下降，在上世纪80年代结束了。由此可知，二战后英国人口下降有两个原因：霸主地位的失去和抑制人口增长的政策。故答案为“The loss of empire and policies of controlling population growth．”。 知识模块：阅读

21． What does the author mean by saying “the European analogue to New York city” in Para. 3?

正确答案：London is important to Europe，as NY is to America． 解析：根据题干提示定位至第三段第二句。该句提到伦敦是欧洲最重要的金融中心，还是信息产业和专业服务的最大中心之一，这表明伦敦对于欧洲而言非常重要。“analogue”意为“(在职位、作用、性格等方面)对等的人；对应物”，由此可知“the European analogue to New York city”是在进一步说明伦敦对于欧洲很重要，是和美国纽约地位对等的城市，故答案为“London is important to Europe，as NY is to America．”。 知识模块：阅读

22． What can be concluded from the last sentence in Para. 6?

正确答案：The development of EU cities doesn’t follow Zipf’s law． 解析：根据题干提示定位至第六段最后一句。该句前一句提到美国的城市大体上就是依照齐普夫定律发展的。定位句指出在一体化程度较低的欧洲，却是大型城市林立，中等城市匮乏。由表示转折的“however”可知，欧洲的城市发展和美国相反，并未依照齐普夫定律，故答案为“The development of EU cities doesn’t follow Zipf’s law．”。 知识模块：阅读