中考英语总复习知识点

冠词 a / an 的用法

a用于辅音音素前 a useful book, a university, a ―u‖

Once a week have a swim/walk/talk/look/dance/drink/ rest have a cold/ headache / fever /cough have a good time have a try in a hurry after a while keep a diary go for a walk in a minute in a word in a short while

an则用于元音音素前 an hour, an honest boy , an ―A E F H I L M N O R S X‖

keep an eye on 定冠词the的用法：

1）特指双方都明白的人或物： Give me the book. 2）上文提到过的人或事： ---Do you know the lady in blue? –Yes, she is a teacher of a university.

3）指世上独一物二的事物the sun ( sky / moon/ earth/ world/ nature/ universe )

4）单数名词连用表示一类事物，如：the dollar 美元; The lion is a wild animal.或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：the rich /poor/ blind/ aged / living / impossible

5）用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only，very, same等前面：I live on the second floor.

6）用在表示身体部位的名词前： She caught me by the arm.

7）用在表示乐器和表方位的名词之前： She plays the piano \\violin \\ guitar in the north of China

8）用在普通名词构成专有名词前： the People's Republic of China the United States the Great Wall the Summer Palace

9) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人：the Greens are playing the piano.

10) in the day, in the morning (afternoon，evening), in the middle (of), in the end, all the time at the same time on the whole, by the way, go to the cinema at he age of six at the beginning of the twenty-first century on the other side of at the moment the day after tomorrow the day before yesterday, the next morning, in the sky (water，field，country) in the dark, in the rain,

不用定冠词的情况

1) 国名，人名前通常不用定冠词：China , Europe 欧洲 Lei Feng 雷锋

2）物质名词和抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词；当表示特定的意思时，需要加定冠词Failure is the mother of success. 失败乃成功之母。

3）在季节、月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词； Children’s Day Mother’s Day Father’s Day

4）在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词前不加冠词； He is captain of the team.

5）在三餐、四季，球类运动、学科、娱乐运动的名称前，不加冠词 如：have breakfast /supper / lunch，play basketball / football / volleyball / chess , in spring/summer/ autumn/ winter

6）当by 与火车等交通工具连用，表示一种方式时，中间无冠词；by bus/ train/ taxi/ bus/ ship

7）Day and night face to face side by side step by step watch TV at school / work / home at first/ last in danger in trouble on foot on duty on watch in bed on time in time go to school go to work by taxi / bike at noon at night on TV at town

部分词组有无冠词的区别

in hospital 生病住院 in the hospital 在医院里 in front of 在---的前面in the front of 在----内部的前面

go to school 上学go to the school 到学校去 a number of = a lot of 许多，谓语动词用复数。 The number of ----的数目，----的总数， 谓语动词用单数（第三人称单数）

名词：专有名词和普通名词（个体名词、集体名词、物质名词、抽象名词）

可数名词的单数变复数①一般情况加s ②以s, x sh ch,等结尾的词加-es bus-buses watch-watches ③以o 结尾的名词，无生命的加s，如： photo---photos piano---pianos 有生命的es，如：potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes 均可，如：zero---zeros / zeroes ④以f或fe 结尾的名词，去f, fe 加ves，如：half---halves knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves （加s，如：belief---beliefs roof---roofs safe---safes gulf---gulfs；）⑤以辅音字母+y结尾的词，变y 为i，再加es baby---babies ⑥不规则：a. 单复数形式一样。Sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese. People, police, scissors, trousers b. 其他的。foot—feet tooth---teeth child—children mouse---mice man---men woman---women businessman ---businessmen

German---Germans women doctors

集体名词: People, police,(一般表示一个整体，谓用复数) class, family, glasses

不可数名词：

常见的不可数名词有：information, news, room （空间）， work, work, weather, advice, bread , food, milk, tea, ice, glasses, meat

① A little, a bit of, some, much, a lot of, quite a lot of 常修饰不可数名词.

② 不可数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。

③ 如果用and连接两个不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数。Time and money are-

④ A cup\\ glass \\bottle \\box \\ kilo \\ group \\ crowd \\ class \\ pair of

Two and a half kilos of = two kilos and a half of 名词所有格 在英语中有些名词可以加\"'s\"来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teacher's book。名词所有格的规则如下：

1） 单数名词词尾加\"'s\"，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加\" 's \"，如the boy's bag，men's room Children’s Day Mother’s Day Father’s Day

2） 若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加\" ' \"，如：Teachers’ Day ladies’ room twenty minutes’ walk

3） 凡不能加\"'s\"的名词，都可以用\"名词+of +名词\"的结构来表示所有关系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字; A picture of family; a map of China

4） 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名④指婴儿和不明身份的人。 ---John, someone in

your class phoned you this morning. ---Oh, who was 词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：the

it? barber's 理发店。

⑤用作形式主语。 5） 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，则表示\"

It’s kind / good / nice /clever /polite / foolish of sb. 分别有\"；只有一个's，则表示'共有'。 John's and Mary's

to do sth.

room（两间） John and Mary's room（一间）

It’s important / necessary / possible / easy /

6） 复合名词或短语，'s 加在最后一个词的词尾。 difficult for sb to do sth, 如：a month or two's absence It’s time to get up.

7）双重所有格 a friend of mine / hers / his / It’s time for lunch. theirs a friend of Mary’s mother’s It’s one’s turn to do

代词 It seems that

It takes sb. some time to do sth. １、人称代词、物主代词和反身代词

⑥用作形式宾语。Find / think / feel + it +adj +to do I—me—my—mine—myself you —you—your—

sth yourself (yourselves)

he—him—his—his—himself she—her—her—heIt one 的区别 rs—herself It 特指上文提到的同一对象，同一事物。

it—it—its—its—itself we—us—our—ours—oursone同类而不同一。 elves

that常用于比较结构中，代替前面提到的名词，以

they—them—their—theirs—themselves

避免重复。

人称顺序you, he, she, I ; we, you, they

反身代词

主格作主语；宾格作宾语，动词和介词之后通常作

构成规则：一、二物主，三为宾。

宾格；形容词性物主代词不能单独使用，通常放在名词

运用：hurt/ teach/ wash / buy/ enjoy oneself

之前；名词性物主代词＝形容词性物主代词＋名词，―of

by / Help oneself (one selves) to --- / Look

＋名词性物主代词‖表示所属关系。A friend of mine我after oneself / Say to oneself / Come to oneself 的一位朋友; teacher of hers 她的老师 ２、不定代词 little, a little, few, a

代词it 的用法： few=several(some), some, any much, too much, ①指代前面提到过的事物。 ②表天much too, more then =over, less than= nearly 气。 ③表距离。 something 某事，某物，用于肯定句。 注意：⑪由复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词anything 任何事物，某事物，用于否定句、疑问句。 用第三人称单数。Everyone is here. ⑫修饰不定代词的形容词后置。I have everything 每件事，一切事物，用于各种句型。 nothing没什么，没有任何东西。=not ----any thing something important to tell you. ⑬在反意疑问句中，表示人的复合代词在陈述somebody 某人，有人=someone 句中作主语时，附加问句中的主语用he或they，anybody 任何人(用于否定句、疑问句，条件从句中) 表物的用it 。 nobody没有人 little， 几乎没有，表示否定意思，用以修饰不可数more than 超过，多于。=over 名词。 more or less 或多或少，差不多。=about

A little ①一点点，表示肯定，用以修饰不可数名at least 至少 词。Only a little 仅一点点.②也可修饰形容词和副词。a lot 许多，修饰动词。Thanks a lot. ③一点点，放在动词、动词宾语后。 a lot of = lots of 许多的，可修饰可数名词和不可数

few几乎没有，表示否定意思，用以修饰可数名词。 名词。 a few=several 几个， 一些，表示肯定意思，用以a number of 许多的,= many 只用于修饰复数形式修饰可数名词。 名词，放在可数名词复数前。

some 一些，修饰可数名词，后跟复数形式名词或every 用于三个或三个以上，着眼于整体。后可跟ones, 也可修饰不可数名词。在表示请求、委婉语气的数词。词组有every ten minuets 疑问句和表示希望得到对方的肯定回答的问句中，常用each 用于两个或两个以上，着眼于个体。词组有some. Could you give me some apples? each of

any 一些，任何一些。 一般用于疑问句中或否定either 两个中任何一个

either ----or 句中和IF 引导的条件句中。

both 两个都 much 许多。修饰不可数名词，放在不可数名词

both ---- and --- 前，可用a lot of 替换。

both of --- too much 太多的，用法相当于much ，放在不可

neither 两个中一个也没有 e.g. ---Do you like 数名词前。Heath is very important to us. We should

talking with your friends on the telephone or mobile eat more vegetables and fruit instead of too much rich

phone? ---Neither, I enjoy using QQ. food.

neither --- nor ---

much too 太，用法相当于too, 放在形容词和副词

any 三个以上中任何一个

前。Keep quiet! It’s much too noisy here.

all三个以上中全部

none 三个以上中一个也没有。 None of ---中没有一个，表示三个或以上数目的人或物中没有一个，表否定，作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。

others 表示―泛指‖除自己外，别的人。Some ----, others -----

the other 表示两个中的另一个。One ----, the other ----

the others 表示特指的另一些。

another 后跟单数名词。表示泛指另一个人。后跟带数词的复数名词，表示―再，还要‖的意思。

other 别的，另外的，一般后跟复数名词或ones , 在other 前可加some, many 或数词，表示―几个，一些别的‖

Such a tall building such an exciting football match

so many people

each other相互，彼此，指两个或两个物时 。one another 相互，彼此，指三者或三者以上的彼此。one another’s 相互的，彼此的。

数词

表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词。

一、基数词和序数词

1）基数词写法和读法： ①百位与十位，用 and, 十位与个位，写时用―—‖②先确定分节号，从右至左，每隔三位数是一个分节号。③第一个分节号是千位 thousand 4第二个分节号是千位 million ⑤第三个分号节是十亿位 billion. 1, 234 ,567, 2 one billion two hundred and thirty-four million five hundred and sixty-seven thousand eight hundred and ninety-two

2）分数表示法 构成：分子基，分母序，分子大于1时，分母在序数词后加S： 1/2 a half 1/3 one-third； 2/3 two thirds 3/4 three quarters = three fourths 2- 3/4 two and three fourths

3）表示\"年代\"，用 in +the +数词复数； in the 1980s （20世纪80年代）

4）表某人几岁时: in +物主代词+数词的复数形式 in one’s twenties

5）He lives in Rom 88. One plus two is three. Three times five is fifteen.

6）hundred , thousand , million 等词前有具体的数字时，不能加S 如 three hundreds 这种说法是错误的

7）hundreds of thousands of millions of

8）a 21-year-old girl three days and a half = three and a half days one and a half hours = one hour and a half we’ll have two weeks’ holiday (two-week holiday)

9）（基数词变序数词的口诀）

一、二、 三特别记，th从四以上记;怎么加很容易，八减t，九减e; f来把ve替，见y变ie; 若是遇到几十几，变换个位就可以。

One-first two-second three- third five- fifth eight-eighth nine- ninth twelve – twelfth thirteen- thirteenth fifteen- fifteenth eighteen- eighteenth twenty- twentieth

twenty-one---twenty-first thirty-thirtieth forty-fortieth fifty –fiftieth sixty- sixtieth seventy- seventieth eighty-eightieth ninety-ninetieth

序数词的缩写形式： first---1st second---2nd thirty-first---31st

形容和副词

①修饰something, anything, everything, anybody等不定代词的形容词，形容词要放在不定代词之后。I have Something important to tell you.

②enough修饰形容词、副词时，enough要放在形容词和副词之后。Far enough

③interesting, exciting, boring, amazing, surprising, moving 主语为物。Interested, excited, amazed, surprised, frightened, tired, pleased 主语为人。

④Much, far, a lot, a little, even等后要用形容词或副词的比较级。 I fell even worse now.

5.连系动词be, 感官动词(look, smell, taste, sound, feel )三个变(get, become, turn,) keep 后跟形容词.

⑥既可作形容词又可作副词的词有：

hard 作形容词=difficult , 作副词，放在work, rain等后,表努力地做。

well作形容词身体好; 作副词，做得好。

long作形容词，表事物的长度，作副词，放在last, talk等后,表动作持续。

Fast 作作形容，放在系动词后，作副词放在rain, make sth.等词后，表―做得快‖。

High作形容词―山，海浪的高。作副词, 放在fly, jump 等后表飞得高，跳得高。

⑦五、形容词变为副词 ①+ly useful, wide, strong ②改y为i,再加ly healthy , heavy, happy, lucky, noisy, ③good ——well terrible---terribly probable---probably

⑧多数以ly 结尾的词是副词。 但friendly, lonely, lovely, likely, daily, lively 是形容词。

⑨China is larger than any other county in Asia. （同一范围内） China is larger than any county in Afirca. （不同范围内）

⑩how many 对可数名词数量的提问。How many people are there in your family?

How much 对不可数名词数量的提问和提问价格。 How long 多久，多长时间。回答常用：for + 段时间 since +点时间。

How soon 多快，多久以后。回答常用：in +段时间

How often 多长时间一次，提问频率。回答常用：once (twice) a week, three times a day, often

How far 多远，对距离提问。回答常用：fifteen minutes’ walk , 10 meters away

形容词和副词的比较级和最高级：

原级: as +原级 + as ; not as / so +原级 + as =反义词+than English is as interesting as Chinese. Mr. Zhang isn’t as old as Mr. Li. = Mr. Zhang is younger than Mr. Li.

比较级的标志词 ①than, Lily’s bag is bigger than hers.

②much, far, a little, even , next time

③which / who ---- A, B ? Which is ④序数词+最高级，表―第几最----‖ Chang more beautiful, Tom, Jim? jiang is the first longest river in China. the second

largest population ④the +比较级----,the+比较级---- The more we

形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成规则 （略） get together, the happier we’ll be.

⑤比较级+and+比较级 （多音节词和部分双音节词不规则: good / well --- better--- best bad /

badly/ ill ---worse--worst many / much -- more 用more and more +原级） 越来越---- harder and

----most little ---less---least far --- farther（较远）--- harder , our hometown is becoming more and more

beautiful. farthest far---further（进一步） ----furthest

最高级标志词：①the + 最高级 + of / tired ---more tired ---the most tired (right, tired, in Shanghai is the biggest city in China. glad. pleased. real )

②One of the + 最高级 + 名词复动词的时态 数 Zhou Jiekun is one of the most popular singers.

③Which / who ----+ 最高级, A, B or C? Who city is the most beautiful, Beijing, Shanghai or Kunming? 时态名称 结构 标志词 被动语态 难点与要点 sometimes,often, am / is / are 一般现在时 ?am \\is \\ are 注意第三人称单数情+done ?there be 结构 sually, always, 况 every day, once a week ?行为动词 am/ is/ are 现在进行时 am/ is / are +Ving now, look, listen, right 动词ING 形式的构now, at the moment, +being +done 成 it's +几点 was / were 一般过去时 ?was/ were +表语yesterday, last, ago一注意动词的过去式的结构 家; just now, in the old +done 构成 ?Ved days, a moment ago, long ago, ih the 1990s will / shall + be 一般将来时 ?will/ shall +V原形 tomorrow, next year, this 注意动词过去分词的?be going to +V原year, at the end of this +done 构成 (与过去式的区别) term, from now on, be going to +be P255 形 in the future, +done in a few days' time was / were 过去进行时 was / were +Ving at +具体时间, at this 与一般过去时的区别 time., when+一般过去时+being +done 从句 have / has already, yet, just, never, 现在完成时 注意瞬间动词在现在+done ever, 完成时中的运用 for, since, so far 过去将来时 ?would / should 宾语从句中,从句动Would/ should +be +V原形 作在主句动作之后发生. +done be going to +be ?was / were going +done to +V原形 had +done by+过去某一时点; Had +been + done 过去完成时 before + 过去某一时间点; by the time +从句; 从句动作在主句动作前发生 情态动词 情态动词+be +done 注: 不规则动词过去式和过去分词详见初三课本的255页。 祈使句 祈使句用以表达命令，要求，请求，劝告What a / an + 形容词+可数名词单数+主语+谓语+等。 其它 What a clever boy he is!

1） 祈使句否定在句首加Don't： Don't What + 形容词+可数名词复数+主语+谓语+其move. Don't be late. 它 What wonderful ideas (we have)!

2） Let’s ------shall we ? let us \\ him ----- will you What + 形容词+不可数名词+主语+谓语+其/ won't you? 它 What cold weather it is!

感叹句 反意疑问句 How+形容词或副词+主语+谓语+其它 How 1) 陈述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, lovely the baby is! seldom, hardly, rarely, little, too---to等否定含义的词

时，疑问部分用肯定含义。Some plants never blown (开花), do they ?

2) 陈述部分有have to +v. (had to + v.)，疑问部分常用don't +主语（didn't +主语）。

We have to get there at eight tomorrow, don't we? 3) 陈述部分的谓语是used to 时，疑问部分用didn't +主语或 usedn't +主语。

He used to take pictures there, didn't he? / usedn't he?

4) 陈述部分有had better + v. 疑问句部分用hadn't you?

You'd better read it by yourself, hadn't you? 5) 陈述部分由neither… nor, either… or 连接的并列主语时，疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。 Neither you nor I am engineer, are we?

6) 陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything, that, nothing, this, 疑问部分主语用it。

Everything is ready, isn't it?

7) 陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句，疑问部分有三种情况：

a. 并列复合句疑问部分，谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。

Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldn't he?

b. 带有定语从句，宾语从句的主从复合句，疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定：

He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he? He said he wanted to visit Japan, didn't he?

c. 上述部分主句谓语是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine等引导的定语从句，疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。

I don't think he is bright, is he? We believe she can do it better, can't she?

8) 陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等，疑问部分常用复数they，有时也用单数he。

Everyone knows the answer, don't they? (does he?)

Nobody knows about it, do they? (does he?) 9) 省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用will you。

Don't do that again, will you? Go with me, will you / won't you ?

注意： Let's 开头的祈使句，后用shall we? Let's go and listen to the music, shall we?

Let us 开头的祈使句，后用will you? Let us wait for you in the reading-room, will you ?

10) 陈述部分是\"there be\"结构的，疑问部分用there省略主语代词。

There is something wrong with your watch, isn't there? There will not be any trouble, will there?

11) 否定前缀不能视为否定词，其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。

It is impossible, isn't it? He is not unkind to his classmates, is he?

并列句

and 和，并且， work hard, and you can pass the exam.

but 但是 he is rich but he is not happy.

Or 否则，要不然，或者（在否定句中表和） Hurry up, or you’ll be late.

so 因此，所以 Kate was ill so she didn’t go to school.

For 因为 I have to stay up late, for I have a lot of work to do.

状语从句

当状语从句的引导词为If, when, before, after, until, as soon as 等，主句和从句有下列情况： 主句 从句 I will go to the park if it doesn’t rain tomorrow. ①一般将来时(主将从现) 一般现在时 ②祈使句 一般现在时 ③含有情态动词的句子 一般现在时 ④一般过去时 一般过去时 She says that ---- 英语句子中如果一看到 Thought----but----; I hope / think / feel / wonder---- I wonder if he will because----so---这种结构,就是错误.

join us in the discussion tonight. 倒装句

Could you tell / show me--- Could you please

so+助动词\\BE动词\\情态动词+另一主语，表示后

tell me where the teacher’s office is?

者与前者一致。 Do you know---- Do you know where Mr. Li

so+上句主语+助动词\\BE动词\\情态动词，真的，lives? 确实如此。 Please tell me ---

Tom watched TV last night, so did Ann. She asked me --- Tom didn’t watch TV last night. Neither did Ann. I don’t know ---- I don’t know whether Tom will ---You’ve left the light on. ---So I have. I’ll go and go or not. turn it off. 定语从句

宾语从句 that和which在指物的情况下一般都可以互换, 但?从句用陈述句语序。 在下列情况下, 一般用that而不用which。 ?主句与从句的关系。 (1) 先行词为all, everything, nothing, something, A．主现从不限； anything, little, much 等不定代词时。 B．主过从过； I am sure she has something (that) you can C．真金不怕火炼。The earth moves around the borrow. sun.

③常见的宾语从句。

(2)先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much等修饰时。I’ve read all the books that are not mine.

(3)先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时。This is the first book (that) he has read.

(4)先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时。

This is the very book that belongs to him. 一般用that而不用who

(1) 先行词是who或who引导的主句。

Who is the girl (that) drove the car? Who (that) broke the window will be punished.

(2) 主句以There be 引导时 。 There are 200 people (that) didn’t

that和which在指物的情况下一般都可以互换, 但在下列情况下, 一般用which而不用that。

(1)关系代词在性定语从句中紧跟介词作宾语（介词提前）。 Those are many trees under (which) they can have a rest.

(2) 在非性定语从句中。 Football , (which) is a very popular game, is played all over the world.

后跟ing 的词有

Finish doing Before 2008 Beijing we will finish building the Olympic Park.

enjoy doing 喜欢做某事 I enjoy reading English loudly.

mind doing 介意（反对）做某事 would you mind opening the window?

practice doing sth. 练习做某事 we should practice speaking English as often as possible.

be busy doing sth. 忙于做某事 be worth doing sth. 值得做某事

feel like doing sth =want to do sth. 想要做某事 spend --- (in) doing sth 花费时间做某事

stop / prevent / keep ----from doing 阻止某人做某事

have trouble \\problem / a hard time doing sth. 做某事很困难

Have fun doing sth. =have a good time doing sth. 做某事很快乐

go on doing sth 接着做原来做着的事

go shopping / swimming/ skating /surfing--- do some running / washing/ cooking --- 介词(for, with, without, about ---) 后跟动词原形: why don't you why not

you'd better (not)

would you please (not)

make\\ let \\ have\\ [注意: 在被动语态中, t o 要加上]

后跟ing 和TO 的区别

developing country 发展中国家 developed country 发达国家

stop to do sth.停下手中的事而去做另外的事（事情有两件）

Stop doing sth. 停止正在做的事情（事情只有一件）

Remember to do sth.记住要去做某事（事情没有做）

Remember doing sth. 记得曾经做过某事（事情已经做）

Forget to do sth. 忘记去做某事（事情没做） Forget doing sth. 忘记曾经做过的事情 （事情已经做）

Try to do sth. 努力去做某事 Try doing sth. 试着去做某事

Go on to do sth. 做完一件事，接着改做另外一件事

Go on doing sth. 继续不停地做某事 See / hear sb doing / do 情态动词

Can ①能，可能，表示能力，猜测。过过式could ②可能，也许。主要用在疑问句、否定句中，表示怀疑、估计，不用肯定句中。

③对could 的委婉语气回答一般不直接用yes和no，要用 certainly, of course. Ok. Sure.

④ would you please not do---- ?

⑤would you like to play football with me tonight? Yes, I’d love to. Sorry, I am busy. Yes, I’d love to. But ----

⑥would you like some bananas? Yes, please. No. thanks.

⑦在表示请求、委婉语气的疑问句和表示希望得到对方的肯定回答的问句中，常用some. Could you give me some apples?

May

①可以，表许可。may I ----？ 回答：Yes, you may. Yes, of course. No, you may not. No, you’d better not.

②也许，可能。表猜测，但把握性不是很大。 ③maybe= perhaps是副词，放在句首或句末。May be和Maybe不同。

Must

①Must I ----? 否定回答用No, you needn’t. No, you don’t have to.

②必须。应该。mustn’t 禁止，绝对不能。

③must 表主观。Have to 表客观。 Don’t have to = needn’t

④must 一定。用于表推测。表示有很大的把握时用，只用于肯定句、不用疑问句。 否定句中can’t 有不可能之意。

Need

①don’t have to do sth. = needn’t do sth.

②肯定回答Yes, ----must. 否定回答No, ---needn’t.

不定式

不定式常跟在以下及物动词后面作宾语:want, like, wish, hope, try, ask, start, begin, forget, remember, learn, choose, agree, tell, decide, need

E.g. Want to do sth. Ask sb. (not )to do sth. Tell sb. to do sth. Decide to do sth. Would like to do sth. Set out to do sth. Warn sb to do sth. Help sb. (to) do sth.

动词不定式还可用在某些表示感情的形容词之后:glad, happy, pleased, sorry, sad, afraid

不定式作宾语的有:something to drink \\ eat; have sth to do ; the way to do sth.

不定式作宾语: 特殊疑问词(what, where )----+不定式 where to go

主谓一致

1．邻近和靠近原则 由there be, either … or, neither…nor, not only…but (also)连接两个并列的主语，谓语动词遵守就近原则。

2． Either of , neither of, each of 作主语，谓语动词用单数。

3． Each, every, many a, no 修饰并列单句时，谓语动词用单数。 ①+er(r) r Runnwinner robber cleaner, jumper farmer diver driver, speaketraveler seller player 4．在百分数、分数等后，如跟可数名词，谓语动词用复数。如跟不可数名词，谓语动词用单数。

5．表示时间、重量、长度、价值等名词作为主语，谓语动词用单数。

6．动词不定式或动名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。 7．算术题中主语是数词，谓语动词用单数。

8. The number of +名词复数, 谓语动词用单数。A number of +名词复数, 谓语动词用复数。

9．One and a half +名词复数, 谓语动词用单数。 单词的词性变化 单词的词性变化 动词变为名词 surfer singer owner teacher writer worker painter, waiter (waitress) er Visitor inventor conductor Actor (actress ) ②+or inspector（检查员） cross——crossing wash——washing meet——meeting ③+ing park——parking surf——surfing pack——packing（包装） mean——meaning hiking breathing Beginning Shopping invent ---invention discuss--discussion disappear ---disappearance ④describe---description enter---entrance know---knowledge live---life die---death please---pleasure sit ---seat fly ---flight rob ---robbery develop ---development decide——decision 二、动词变为形容词 Close ---closed excited ——excited frustrate ——frustrated (挫败的) interest——interested surprise ——surprised die——dead frighten ——frightened fry ——fried worry ——worried break ——broken enjoy ——enjoyable lose ——lost amaze ——amazing miss ——missing follow ——following (下列的) excite——exciting interest——interesting move ——moving sleep ——asleep wake——awake wonder——wonderful thank——thankful forget ——forgetful 三、名词变为形容词 care——careful color——colorful help——helpful Pain ——painful use——useful success——successful heath——healthy luck——lucky noise——noisy cloud——cloudy rain ——rainy mist——misty shower——showery snow——snowy wind——windy fog——foggy sun ——sunny south——southern north——northern wool——woolen confidence ——confident danger——dangerous person ——personal post ——postal friend——friendly America ——American Australia ——Australian Canada ——Canadian Italy ——Italian china ——Chinese Japan —— Japanese Britain ——British England ——English France ——French Germany ——German 四、形容词变为名词 good——goodness busy——business different ——difference foreign ——foreigner difficult ——difficulty safe ——safety true——truth dry ——drought confident ——confidence （信心） proud ----Pride important ---improtance y 五、形容词变为副词 ①+ly useful, wide, strong healthy , heavy, happy, lucky, noisy, ②改y为,再加ly good ——well terrible---terribly probable---probably 六．形容词和副词同形。 earlenoufast far first harhigh late mucrighstraiggh d h t ht 七、否定的 unlucky unknown unlike unhappy unusual unfriendly discover disappear impossible careless homeless 八、其它。 cross——across pass——past science ——scientist library——librarian friend ——friendship

有的同学总是抱怨时间紧，根本没时间写作文。其实―写‖的形式很多，不一定就写作文才提高写作能力。比如写下你一天中发生的一些重要的事情，或当天学了某一个词组，你可以创设一个语境恰如其份地用上这个词。这样即可帮你记住这个词的用法，又可以锻炼你的写作能力，比如学―wish‖一词时，可写一小段如下：

The teacher often asks us what we want to be in the future.My good friend Tom wishes to be a soldier.However,I'm different .I wish I were a teacher in the future.But my mother wishes me to be a doctor.

口语是需要技巧的。光靠大胆自信还不够。关键是系统的方法。我是英语专业毕业的，英语八级，现在当翻译，在大学时去英语角，上课发言等都不管用，一度非常苦恼。后来发现口语练习需要系统的方法。建议你按照我的方法做。 买个口语软件，口语宝或者右脑王都不错。 1语音阶段，照软件的内容练，一天俩小时，最多一个月，语音可以过关。无论你的基础怎么样。切记一定要仔细认真模仿纠正模仿在模仿。 2篇章阶段，根据软件上的资料，句子，语音，语调，断句，停顿，高低，节奏，长短等等，越细越好，模仿，对比，模仿，纠正，再模仿。不求量只求质。同样一个月，明显可以提高。3电影阶段，看英语电影。每句话听五遍以上，看看能听懂几个单词。在看汉语五遍，看看能听懂几个词组，再看英语五遍以上。然后倒过来从英语字幕到汉语字幕到无字幕，五遍以上。冰河世纪这部影片够你看两个月，五分钟的影片可以看两小时以上。4与人交流。现在开始舍弃软件，自信大胆的与中国人，别管对错，把自己想说的说出来。与老外更好。记住耐心模仿，细心比较，持之以恒，反反复复，1,2个月以后你的口语一定很棒。

你是外企的白领要经常的说英语哦，这个很正常的哦，如果你要学英语口语的话，那么对如何学习英语口语我有一些经验了。我建议你可以跟我一样报个电话英语培训啊。现在的电话英语还很很好了，电话英语，只通过声音传递内容上课，所以要求学生要有更高的注意力，

因此对提高听力有很大的帮助，同时在听他人说话的同时，自己也要开口说话，这种学习方式被认为是锻炼听力和口语的最佳方法，还有，电话英语最大的优势就是将上课内容全程录音可以供课后复习。而且时间安排可以在你的工作空余时间来学习英语口语哦，

如何学习英语口语的必备条件—语言环境。口语是交流、是听和说。学习任何一种语言，首先要听懂，然后才学说话。口语不可以自学。学习英语口语必须进入英文语言环境。每天听的都是英文，也必须讲英文。中国学生为什么不会讲英文？因为中国的英文老师大部分不讲英文，用中文上英文课。学生在英文课上不讲英文，大部分还是讲中文。1 如何学好英语口语--学习英文口语最好是英文母语老师—即外教。英文为母语的老师，从小生活在英文的环境里。知道各种生活场景、生活内容的英文用语，

并且他们的发音纯正，只有他们才可以教好口语。就像外国人要学中文，一定要请中国的老师。所有这里我向你推荐恩京电话英语培训学校，真是不错的，外教通过电话一对一教授日常口语，商务口语，雅思口语.面试英语，外贸口语,青少年英语等，每天回到家，晚上可以学10-20分钟，而且时间，外教都可以任选，均有指定教材，外教都是很有经验的老师，报名后每位学员在网站上都有专属学习地盘，每晚上课时外教会就你的问题当时提出纠正，上课后会在学员的学习地盘中留下当晚学习的详细评语和学员的进步情况分析，及第二天晚上上课讨论的建议。最重要的是，网站上有学员每晚学习的录音，学员可下载收听对照自己的学习；费用也特别实惠，我一个普通打工族就可以接受。随时随地和外教说英语，不错！！2 学习英文还必须了解英文为主的西方文化。学习口语必须知道在什么场合，说什么话？怎么样说话是有礼貌的？什么是外国人忌讳的？就如同中文，从小父母就会教我们在什么场合要说你好、对不起。看见老人、叔叔、阿姨应当怎样称呼？在客人面前该问什么问题？不该说什么话？等等。因为我们的言语得体可以给别人留下良好的印象，不至于造成误会。3 学习口语必须大量地听说练习。我们从小中文是怎么学会的？是每天起床后就不断地听不断地说。每天至少12个小时在中文听说语言环境里。其他语言的学习也是同样的道理。不断地听，不断地说，随时纠正。学生只要在与外国人或学生之间讲英文，就是在学习。 我有啊，奉献给你一些啦，快快学习吧：

Do you have some time tomorrow? 明天有空吧? Yes, I do. 有啊。

How about having lunch with me? 一起吃顿中饭怎样？ Good idea. 好主意。

If you're free, how about lunch? 有空的话一起吃顿中饭如何？ When did you have in mind? 你想什么时候呢？ I was thinking about Thursday? 我看星期四怎样？ That will be fine with me. 没问题。

I'm calling to see if you would like to have lunch tomorrow. 我打电话给你，是想知道明天一起吃顿中饭怎样？ I'm sorry, but this week isn't very convenient for me. 对不起，这个星期我都不方便。

Perhaps we van make it later. 那么，也许改天吧。 That would be better. 好啊。

I'm calling to confirm our luncheon appointment. 我打电话来，是想确定一下我们约好吃饭的事。

It's tomorrow at twelve o'clock, right? 是明天12点吧？ Yes, that's right. 是的，没错。 I'll be there. 我会去的。

I'm sorry, but I have to cancel out luncheon appointment. 真抱歉，不过我不得不取消我们午餐的约会。 I'm sorry to hear that. 真遗憾。

I have pressing business to attend to. 我有紧急的事情要处理。

No problem. we'll make it later in the month. 没关系，这个月改天再说吧。 一、多―说‖。

自己多创造机会与英语教师多讲英语，见了同学，尤其是和好朋友在一起时尽量用英语去问候，谈心情……这时候你需随身携带一个英汉互译小词典，遇到生词时查一下这些生词，也不用刻意去记，用的多了，这个单词自然而然就会记住。千万别把学英语当成负担，始终把它当成一件有趣的事情去做。 或许你有机会碰上外国人，你应大胆地上去跟他打招呼，和他谈天气、谈风景、谈学校……只是别问及他的年纪，婚史等私人问题。尽量用一些你学过的词汇，句子去和他谈天说地。不久你会发现与老外聊天要比你与中国人谈英语容易的多。因为他和你交谈时会用许多简单词汇，而且不太看重说法，你只要发音准确，准能顺利地交流下去。只是你必须要有信心，敢于表达自己的思想。

如果没有合适的伙伴也没关系，你可以拿过一本书或其它什么东西做假想对象，对它谈你一天的所见所闻，谈你的快乐，你的悲伤等等，长此坚持下去你的口语肯定会有较大的提高。